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MANAGEMENT OF WATERHEMP IN GLYPHOSATE-RESISTANT SUGARBEET

Authors: Jeff M. Stachler; Aaron L. Carlson;

MANAGEMENT OF WATERHEMP IN GLYPHOSATE-RESISTANT SUGARBEET

Abstract

Glyphosate-resistant waterhemp continues to increase in Minnesota and North Dakota, making waterhemp management difficult in glyphosate-resistant sugarbeet. Multiple small-plot sugarbeet research trials have been conducted from 2010 to 2012 investigating management of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp with preplant incorporated, preemergence, and/or postemergence herbicides in sequence and/or in combination with glyphosate. Six research trials were conducted: Soil-applied herbicides; Single soil-applied herbicide followed by postemergence herbicides; Three soil-applied herbicides followed by postemergence herbicides; Postemergence ethofumesate; Ethofumesate applied postemergence at different rates; and Postemergence ethofumesate applied three times. For all research trials, plot width and length was 3.4 (2 m sprayed) and 9.1 m, respectively, all treatments were applied with a bicycle sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gallons/A spray volume fitted with 8002 XR nozzles, sugarbeet row spacing was 55.9 cm, replications numbered four, and the glyphosate formulation used was a potassium salt (Roundup PowerMAX). The soil-applied trial was conducted in one glyphosate-resistant waterhemp population from 2010 to 2012 and data combined over years. Ethofumesate (4.2 kg ai/ha), S-metolachlor (1.6 kg ai/ha), acetochlor (encapsulated formulation of Warrant) (1.3 kg ai/ha), cycloate (two formulations of Ro-Neet EC and Ro-Neet SB in 2011 and 2012) (4.5 kg ai/ha), and cycloate (2.8 kg/ha) plus EPTC (2.2 kg ai/ha) were applied preplant incorporated and preemergence. Preplant herbicides were incorporated once to a 5 cm depth. Only the following treatments controlled 80% or greater waterhemp 40 to 44 days after treatment (time of first POST glyphosate application): Cycloate plus EPTC applied preplant incorporated (87%); ethofumesate applied preplant incorporated and preemergence (81 and 84%, respectively), and S-metolachlor applied preemergence (80%). All other treatments controlled only 31 to 78% of waterhemp in these glyphosate-resistant populations. For the single soil-applied herbicide followed by postemergence herbicides trial only a single site (greatest density of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp) was presented. This trial was designed as a three factor factorial having the following factors and all combinations: Factor 1 was cycloate (Ro-Neet SB) applied preplant incorporated at 0 and 4.5 kg/ha; Factor 2 was postemergence herbicides: 1. Glyphosate (1.3 followed by (fb) 0.8 fb 0.8 kg ae/ha); 2. Desmedipham (0.14 fb 0.18 fb 0.27 kg ai/ha) plus glyphosate (rates as above); and 3. Desmedipham plus phenmedipham [1:1] (0.14 fb 0.18 fb 0.27 kg ai/ha) plus ethofumesate (0.14 fb 0.14 fb 0.14 kg/ha) plus glyphosate (rates as above); and Factor 3 was the addition of layby herbicides with the postemergence herbicides: 1. No layby herbicide; 2. Aceotchlor (1.3 fb 0.8 fb 0 kg/ha); 3. Dimethenamid (0.7 fb 0.5 fb 0 kg/ha); and 4. S-metolachlor (1.6 fb 1.1 fb 0 kg/ha). Destiny HC (1.7 L/ha) and ammonium sulfate (3.8 kg/378 L of spray solution) was included in all postemergence treatments. The postemergence treatments were applied initially to two-leaf sugarbeet and sequentially every 14 days. With two factors averaged across a single factor, at the time of harvest, waterhemp was controlled 89% with cycloate compared to 68% without cycloate, 81% with desmedipham and desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate compared to 74% with glyphosate alone, and the addition of acetochlor, dimethenamid, or S-metolachor controlled 82 to 84% of waterhemp compared to 66% with no lay-by herbicide. No sugarbeet root yield loss was observed with any treatment. For the three soil-applied herbicides followed by postemergence herbicides trial, three locations (2 glyphosate-resistant and one susceptible to glyphosate) were established in 2012. The trial was designed as a two factor factorial having the following factors: Factor 1. Soilapplied herbicides: Cycloate (3.4 and 4.5 kg/ha) and ethofumesate (3.4 and 4.2 kg/ha) applied pre-plant incorporated and S-metolachlor (1.1 and 1.6 kg/ha) applied preemergence and Factor 2. Postemergence herbicides: 1. Glyphosate (1.3 followed by (fb) 1.0 fb 0.8 kg ae/ha); 2. Ethofumesate (0.14 fb 0.14 fb 0.14 kg/ha) plus glyphosate (rates as above); 3. Desmedipham plus phenmedipham [1:1] (0.14 fb 0.18 fb 0.27 kg ai/ha) plus ethofumesate (0.14 fb 0.14 fb 0.14 kg/ha) plus glyphosate (rates as above); and 4. Desmedipham plus phenmedipham [1:1] (0.14 fb 0.18 fb 0.27 kg/ha) plus ethofumesate (0.14 fb 0.14 fb 0.14 kg/ha) plus dimethenamid (0.7 fb 0.5 fb 0 kg/ha) plus glyphosate (rates as above). Destiny HC (1.7 L/ha) and ammonium sulfate (3.8 kg/378 L of spray solution) was included in all postemergence treatments. The postemergence treatments were applied initially to two-leaf sugarbeet and sequentially every 14 days. The waterhemp control data at the time of the first postemergence application (2-leaf sugarbeet) was combined across all locations. Ethofumesate (4.2 and 3.4 kg/ha), S-metolachlor (1.6 and 1.1 kg/ha), and cycloate (4.5 and 3.4 kg/ha) controlled 90, 86, 81, 77, 81, and 74% of waterhemp at two-leaf sugarbeet, respectively. At harvest at one of the glyphosate-resistant waterhemp sites (Moorhead, MN) with data combined across the postemergence treatments, ethofumesate (4.2 and 3.4 kg/ha), S-metolachlor (1.6 and 1.1 kg/ha), cycloate (4.5 and 3.4 kg/ha), and no soilapplied herbicides controlled 97, 97, 94, 88, 89, 81, and 57% of waterhemp, respectively and when combined across the soil-applied treatments, glyphosate, glyphosate plus ethofumesate, glyphosate plus desmedipham plus phenmedipham [1:1] plus ethofumesate, and glyphosate plus desmedipham plus phenmedipham [1:1] plus ethofumesate plus dimethenamid controlled 84, 88, 83, and 89% of waterhemp, respectively. Extractable sucrose yield was maximized with ethofumesate and glyphosate alone. The postemergence ethofumesate trial was conducted at only one glyphosate-resistant waterhemp site in 2010. Ethofumesate (4.2 kg/ha) plus glyphosate (1.3 kg/ha) applied to 1.3 cm waterhemp, ethofumesate (4.2 kg/ha) plus glyphosate (1.3 kg/ha) applied to 11.4 cm waterhemp, and ethofumesate (2.4 kg/ha) plus glyphosate (1.3 kg/ha) fb (15 DAT) ethofumesate (1.8kg/ha) plus glyphosate (0.8 kg/ha) controlled 84, 85, and 99% of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp, respectively, on July 28 compared to glyphosate applied alone at the same time which controlled 16, 64, and 56% of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp, respectively. The ethofumesate applied postemergence at different rates trial was conducted at only one glyphosate-resistant waterhemp site in 2011. Ethofumesate was applied twice (initially to 1.3 cm waterhemp and then 14 days later) at 0.14, 0.56, 1.12, 1.68, and 2.1 kg/ha plus glyphosate (1.3 fb 0.8 kg/ha) and ethofumesate was applied three times (initially to 1.3 cm waterhemp and then 14 fb 14 DAT) plus glyphosate (1.3 fb 0.8 fb 0.8 kg/ha). Near harvest (August, 2011) ethofumesate applied twice at 0.14, 0.56, 1.12, 1.68, and 2.1 kg/ha and ethofumesate applied three times at 0.14 and 0.56 kg/ha controlled 49, 51, 70, 78, 77, 51, and 65% of waterhemp, respectively, compared to glyphosate applied twice alone controlling 42% of waterhemp and glyphosate applied three times alone controlling 62% of waterhemp. The postemergence ethofumesate applied three times trial was conducted at only one glyphosate-resistant waterhemp site in 2012. Ethofumesate (0.8 fb 0.8 fb 0.8 kg/ha) plus glyphosate (1.3 fb 1.0 fb 0.8 kg/ha), ethofumesate (1.1 fb 1.1 fb 1.1 kg/ha) plus glyphosate (1.3 fb 1.0 fb 0.8 kg/ha), and ethofumesate (1.7 fb 1.7 fb 1.7 kg/ha) plus glyphosate (1.3 fb 1.0 fb 0.8 kg/ha) controlled 92, 97, and 97% of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp, respectively on August 27. The use of soil-applied herbicides, especially ethofumesate and the inclusion of lay-by herbicides improved waterhemp control. Postemergence ethofumesate mixed with glyphosate can improve control of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp, but control was variable over the three years.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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