This chapter begins by defining ‘vocational education and training’ (VET), recognising that the term means different things to different people. It discusses the economic and political forces currently shaping the VET sector, examines the relationship between vocational and higher education, compare VET systems in different countries, explains VET qualifications and credentials, and discusses VET curriculum, learners and teachers, and pedagogy. Paradoxically, due to the influence of neoliberalism, VET sectors have been subjected to deep funding cuts, business management techniques and a cult of efficiency, or ‘doing more with less’. Most working people learnt informally on the job, whereas religious and public officials and ruling elites underwent ‘higher education’in colleges and universities. Depending on the national VET system under consideration, VET qualifications range from certification of basic skills and competencies, through skilled trades, technical and technology areas, to the paraprofessional level. In some instances this can extend into the professions.