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Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
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A GENERALIZATION OF THE JACOBSON RADICAL

A generalization of the Jacobson radical.
Authors: Naghipour, A. R.; Yamini, A. H.;

A GENERALIZATION OF THE JACOBSON RADICAL

Abstract

For an associative ring \(R\) with identity let \(J(R) \) be the Jacobson radical of \(R\) and \(N(R)\) the non-left-invertible elements of \(R\). \(R\) has stable range one if for any \(a,b\in R\) such that \(Ra+Rb=R\) there exists \(y\in R\) such that \(a+yb\) is a unit. \(R\) is (strongly) \(\pi\)-regular if for every \(a\in R\) there exists a positive integer \(n\), depending on \(a\), such that (\(a^n\in a^{n+1}R\)) \(a^n\in a^nRa^n\) and \(R\) is semilocal if \(R/J(R)\) is a left Artinian ring. \(R\) is \(J\)-semisimple if its Jacobson radical is zero. \(R\) is decomposable if it contains a central idempotent distinct from \(0\) and \(1\) and indecomposable otherwise. The collection of all \(n\times n\) matrices over a ring \(R\) is denoted by \(M_n(R)\) and the rings of row finite and column finite matrices over \(R\) are denoted by \(CFM_n(R)\) and \(RFM_n(R)\), respectively, where \(n\) can be any finite or infinite cardinal number. A ring \(R\) is called \(J^*\)-ring if for every \(x\in R\), either \(x\in J(R)\) or \(x=a+b\), where \(a\) is left-invertible and \(b\) is non-left-invertible. In this paper the authors study the generalization \(J^*(R)=\{x\in N(R):x+N(R)\subseteq N(R)\}\) of the Jacobson radical as well as the rings \(R\) such that \(J^*(R)=J(R)\). In particular, they show that \(J^*(R)\) is an associative ring, \(J^*(\overline R)=\overline{J^*(R)}\), where \(\overline R=R/J(R)\) and for any direct product \(\prod_{i\in I}R_i\) of rings we have \(J^*(\prod_{i\in I}R_i)=\prod_{i\in I}J^*(R_i)\). They also show that for any finite or countably infinite cardinal \(n\) we have (i) \(J^*(CFM_n(R))\subseteq CFM_n(J^*(R))\) and (ii) \(J^*(RFM_n(R))\subseteq RFM_n(J^*(R))\) and that these inclusions may be strict. Moreover, the authors prove that \(I\subseteq J^*(R)\) if and only if \(I\subseteq J(R)\), for any ideal \(I\) of \(R\). Also the authors show that the following conditions are equivalent: (i) \(R\) is a \(J^*\)-ring, (ii) \(J^*(R)=J(R)\), (iii) \(J^*(R)\) is a left ideal, (iv) \(\overline R=R/J(R)\) is a \(J^*\)-ring, (v) the split-null (or trivial) extension \(S(R,M)\) of a unital \((R,R)\)-bimodule \(M\) by \(R\) is a \(J^*\)-ring, (vi) every upper (lower) triangular matrix ring \(UTM_n(R)\) (\(LTM_n(R)\)) is a \(J^*\)-ring for every finite or countably infinite cardinal number \(n\). Finally the authors show that \(J^*(R)=J(R)\) for the following classes of rings: semilocal rings, stable range one rings, rings which are generated by their units, left Artinian rings, \(CFM_n(R)\), where \(R\) is a \(J^*\)-ring, \(J(CFM_n(R))=CFM_n(J(R))\) and \(n\) is any finite or countably infinite cardinal number. Similarly, under the same conditions, \(RFM_n(R)\) is also a \(J^*\)-ring and also every ring whose \(J\)-semisimple factor-rings are \(J^*\)-rings.

Keywords

Units, groups of units (associative rings and algebras), decomposable rings, Structure and classification for modules, bimodules and ideals (except as in 16Gxx), direct sum decomposition and cancellation in associative algebras), Endomorphism rings; matrix rings, Jacobson radical, indecomposable rings, Jacobson radical, quasimultiplication, strongly \(\pi\)-regular rings, semilocal rings, matrix rings, \(J^*\)-rings, non-left-invertible elements, stable range one rings, Grothendieck groups, \(K\)-theory, etc.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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