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Concrete Foundations for TLP's

Authors: Karel Karal; J.M. Hermstad; Kjell Vigander; Jan Skjong; Øivind Pedersen;

Concrete Foundations for TLP's

Abstract

ABSTRACT Two major concepts of concrete foundations for Tension Leg Platforms are discussed, i.e. gravity foundation and gravity-embedded foundation. The latter concept is the preferred solution in a majority of applications. Four types of the gravity-embedded foundation are described. One of these has been successfully installed for SNORRE TLP in 1991. The other three types have resulted from further development and optimization, suitable also for great water depth, INTRODUCTiON Tension Leg Platforms (TLP) represent a viable solution to the demands of today's offshore oil and gas industry, aimed at producing hydrocarbons from reservoirs in deep water. A most vital element in the TLP design is the method chosen for anchoring the tethers to the seabed. During severe storms the load of such a tether system may exceed 50,000 t and after seconds will drop to a small fraction of this. The sucessful application of a TLP concept is literally dependent upon a safe foundation. A concrete foundation concept has been applied for a TLP - the largest ever built - at the Snorre field in the North Sea. The Snorre foundations were successfully installed in the summer of 1991 in a depth of 300 m. This paper focuses on the gravity-embedded concrete foundation. It discusses how the design depends on the static and dynamic tether tension, which variables enter the optimization process, and what characterizes the optimum foundations in various conditions. Some typical foundation designs are described. TYPES OF CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Two types of foundation are considered:Grmdly iQUndatiQil, installed QO the seabed and designed to resist all tether tension by its own weight.Gravity-embedded foundation, provided with cylindrical elements - skirts - that are penetrated into the seabed, and designed to resist the tether tension through a combination of its own weight and the interaction between the structure and seabed. The gravity foundation is advantageously applied in conditions like very hard or rocky seabed where penetration of skirts is not possible. The latter foundation type, suitable for softer soils, is competitive due to cost and technical advantages such as minimum settlement and precise levelling. The gravity-embedded foundation - the most common of the two - is suitable for the potential TLP sites studied for the Norwegian Continental Shelf and the Gulf of Mexico. Although the principle of this design remains unchanged different configurations have been developed for a range of tether loads and water depth at the installation site. The design aspects are briefly discussed in the sub-section 'Optimization'. PRINCIPLES OF GRAVITY-EMBEDDED FOUNDATION Tether loads on the foundation Tether tension, T, is composed of two main components, I.e. sustained and oscillating (dynamic) tension. The sustained tension, T., calculated by the design engineer to meet requirements of acceptable motion characteristics of the TLP. Ts occurs when the TLP is free from loads by wind, current and waves. The difference between the actual tether tension and the sustained tension is the oscillating (dynamic) component of the tension, T.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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