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Iceberg Impact Strength

Authors: R.C. Johnson; J.R. Benoit;

Iceberg Impact Strength

Abstract

Abstract One of the main uncertainties in design of Arctic offshore structures is the magnitude of ice forces. These loads are dictated by the specific ice related environment and the particular structure under consideration. For areas offshore Eastern Canada, an important load scenario is an open water collision of a drifting iceberg with a structure. For such a collision, compressive ice strength is a major parameter in determining ice loads. Existence of a pressure-area relationship for ice compressive strength has long been postulated and documented. To date, however, iceberg strength (failure pressure) was available only for limited areas common to typical small scale laboratory strength testing. This paper describes a program to measure the variation of compressive iceberg strength as a function of impact area. A set of small to medium scale, controlled impact, field iceberg strength tests was completed. Five different spherical indenters were used resulting in a wide range of maximum indenter contact area (0.02-3.0 square meters) A total of twenty-one such tests were performed in tunnels excavated into a grounded iceberg near Pond Inlet on Baffin Island. A closed-loop, feedback system was used to control indenter displacement as a function of time. Load cells, pressure transducers and displacement transducers were used to collect data which were recorded in a real time, analog manner. The controlled indenter velocity was sufficiently high to produce crushing type ice failures in the brittle zone. Digitized data were plotted versus both time and contact area. Results confirm the existence of a pressure-area relationship with decreasing nominal contact pressures as contact area increases. INTRODUCTION The Hibernia oil field is located on the northeast portion of the Grand Bank in an area that has been referred to as "Iceberg Ailey". Floating and fixed production facilities have been considered for production of 100,000 – 200,000 bopd for the Hibernia field. The floating facilities would avoid icebergs while the fixed structure must be designed to withstand iceberg impacts. A great deal of iceberg data gathering, analysis and synthesis was necessary to establish a basis on which design of either production system could proceed. In order to define the iceberg/structure interaction, appropriate design criteria for the ice crushing strength were necessary. Available information on iceberg impact pressure, or ice crushing strength, was limited to small scale laboratory type test data. The present paper describes a program undertaken to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between impact pressure and contact area for iceberg ice. EQUIPMENT Five individual spherical indenters were selected (Table 1). The three smaller indenters were mounted on a single hydraulic actuator with a 4,500 mega Newton capacity. Four identical actuators (total capacity of 18,000 magnetrons) were used with the 1.0 and 3.0 square meter indenters, as depicted in Figure 1.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
6
Average
Top 10%
Average
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