<abstract> <p>The camel is well-adapted to utilize the poor-quality forages in the harsh desert conditions as the camel rumen sustains fibrolytic microorganisms, mainly bacteria that are capable of breaking down the lignocellulosic biomass efficiently. Exploring the composition of the bacterial community in the rumen of the camel and quantifying their cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities could lead to understanding and improving fiber fermentation and discovering novel sources of cellulases and xylanases. In this study, Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V4 region on 16S rRNA was applied to identify the bacterial and archaeal communities in the rumen of three camels fed wheat straw and broom corn. Furthermore, rumen samples were inoculated into bacterial media enriched with xylan and different cellulose sources, including filter paper (FP), wheat straw (WS), and alfalfa hay (AH) to assess the ability of rumen bacteria to produce endo-cellulase and endo-xylanase at different fermentation intervals. The results revealed that the phylum Bacteroidetes dominated the bacterial community and <italic>Candidatus Methanomethylophilus</italic> dominated the archaeal community. Also, most of the bacterial community has fibrolytic potential and the dominant bacterial genera were <italic>Prevotella</italic>, <italic>RC9_gut_group</italic>, <italic>Butyrivibrio</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcus</italic>, <italic>Fibrobacteres</italic>, and <italic>Treponema</italic>. The highest xylanase production (884.8 mU/mL) was observed at 7 days. The highest cellulase production (1049.5 mU/mL) was observed when rumen samples were incubated with Alfalfa hay for 7 days.</p> </abstract>