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Haies et boisements pare-congères : de la théorie à la pratique

Authors: Naaim-Bouvet, F.; Monier, S.; Ougier, S.;

Haies et boisements pare-congères : de la théorie à la pratique

Abstract

Le transport de neige par le vent est responsable de formation de congères sur les voies de communication. Ce problème est tout particulièrement sensible dans le Massif Central où même de faibles chutes de neige reprises sur de vastes étendues conduisent à des accumulations importantes. La question n'est donc pas nouvelle et face aux désagréments qui en découlent, des dispositifs ont été imaginés et testés dès la fin du 19e siècle. Cependant le développement des moyens mécaniques de déneigement dans la seconde moitié du 20e siècle a conduit à un ralentissement de la recherche, ou tout au moins de la démarche empirique essai-erreur. Le début des années 80 a vu le redémarrage de la recherche dans ce domaine bien que le génie biologique ne constitue pas l'essentiel de la demande, de tels dispositifs ne permettant pas de répondre à très court terme à un problème ponctuel. La sensibilisation de la société au développement durable et corrélativement la nécessité de raisonner à plus long terme, y compris pour le politique, a remis au goût du jour le génie biologique. Dans ce contexte, cet article vise à faire le point sur les haies et boisements pare-congères à travers le regard croisé du gestionnaire, du mécanicien des fluides et du forestier. Il s'agit plus particulièrement de montrer les principes de fonctionnement, d'implantation et de choix des essences sans que ne soient occultées les difficultés rencontrées tels que la maîtrise foncière ou encore l'entretien à long terme et ce au travers d'études de cas présents ou passés.

Blowing and drifting snow can generate snowdrifts on roads and railways. This is an important issue for instance in the Massif Central (France) where limited snowfalls on vast areas can locally lead to huge snow accumulations. This problem is not new and prevention measures were designed and tested as early as the end of the 19th century. However, the development of efficient snow clearing vehicles in the second half of the 20th century led to some decrease of research efforts (mostly a trial and error approach) on traditional prevention measures such as afforestration and hedges. Nevertheless, the renewed interest in ecological engineering, dating from the early 90s has yielded to new research efforts on that topic, even though such measures are not effective on short term. Currently, bioengineering tallies meet the requirements of sustainable development and of long term management, accordingly. In this context, this paper aims at giving a new vision of hedges and afforestration, taken as protection measures against snowdrifting, through the eyes of a fluid mechanics researcher, a forest engineer and a territories manager. The principles of action, setting and species choice are presented through case studies with emphasis on difficulties related to land property and long and short-term maintenance.

Country
France
Keywords

[SDE] Environmental Sciences, CONGERE, transport de neige par le vent, congère, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, BOISEMENT, Environmental sciences, boisement, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, PLANTATION, ouvrage de protection, GE1-350, TRANSPORT DE NEIGE PAR LE VENT, haie, TD1-1066, génie biologique

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    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
Green
gold