
doi: 10.34626/b1cs-tk11
handle: 10216/135340
Currently, due to the constant technological advancement and search for innovation, the vast majority of the circuits that compose devices that we use in our day-to-day activities, have been decreasing in size. These are inserted in integrated circuits, where the area and energy consumption are major limitations. Also, a large number of applications and devices require a stable clock to operate correctly, being the use of an oscillator the most common solution to generate such frequency. Due to the current change, the conventional oscillator had to overcome changes in its design in order to keep up with the electronics industry. Such changes made oscillators in general less accurate compared to crystal oscillators, but more efficient in terms of energy, occupied area and cost. In this thesis, a very low consumption ring oscillator is presented, where it is intended to eliminate any external component that involves additional costs. One of the main challenges is the trade-off between the precision of the output frequency and energy consumption. Additionally, oscillators inserted in integrated circuits tend to suffer frequency deviations with PVT variations. The presented strategy involves building blocks that supply the oscillator with stable currents and voltages, in order to compensate for such variations. Designed using CMOS 0.18nm technology, it also includes a trimming circuit, making it possible to calibrate the process in post-fabrication.
Atualmente, devido ao constante avanço tecnológico e procura de inovação, a grande maioria dos circuitos que compõem dispositivos que utilizamos no nosso dia-a-dia, têm vindo a diminuir o seu tamanho. Estes são inseridos em circuitos integrados, onde a área e o consumo energético são limitações significativas. Um grande número de aplicações e dispositivos, necessitam de um clock estável para operar corretamente, sendo a solução mais comum para gerar tal frequência um oscilador. Em função da mudança atual, o oscilador convencional teve de sofrer mudanças no seu design de modo a acompanhar a indústria eletrónica. Tais alterações tornaram os osciladores em geral menos precisos comparativamente a osciladores de cristal, mas mais eficientes em termos energéticos, área ocupada e custo. Nesta tese, é apresentado um oscilador em anel de muito baixo consumo, onde se pretende eliminar qualquer componente externo que envolva custos adicionais. Sendo um dos principais desafios, o trade-off entre a precisão da frequência de saída e o consumo energético. Adicionalmente, osciladores inseridos em circuitos integrados tendem a sofrer desvios de frequência com variações PVT. A estratégia apresentada, passa por contruir blocos que forneçam ao oscilador correntes e tensões estáveis, de modo a compensar tais variações. Desenhado na tecnologia CMOS 0.18nm, inclui também um circuito de trimming, tornando possível a calibração do processo pós-fabrico.
Engineering and technology::Electrical engineering, Electronic engineering, Information engineering, Electrical engineering, Electronic engineering, Information engineering, Ciências da engenharia e tecnologias::Engenharia electrotécnica, electrónica e informática, Engenharia electrotécnica, electrónica e informática, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
Engineering and technology::Electrical engineering, Electronic engineering, Information engineering, Electrical engineering, Electronic engineering, Information engineering, Ciências da engenharia e tecnologias::Engenharia electrotécnica, electrónica e informática, Engenharia electrotécnica, electrónica e informática, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
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