Seven new species are described in Dioclea Kunth (Fabaceae, Diocleinae). Dioclea ovalis R. H. Maxwell is described from Colombia and assigned to series Dioclea. Within subgenus Dioclea, the new series Virgatae R. H. Maxwell is created, with the new species D. vallensis R. H. Maxwell included from Colombia. Two sections established by Bentham are raised to subgenera status, as the new combinations Dioclea subg. Pachylobium (Benth.) R. H. Maxwell and Dioclea subg. Platylobium (Benth.) R. H. Maxwell. Within subgenus Platylobium, D. hispidimarginata R. H. Maxwell is described from Peru. Within subgenus Pachylobium, four new species are described: D. apiculata R. H. Maxwell from Bolivia, D. circinata R. H. Maxwell from Colombia, D. haughtii R. H. Maxwell from Colombia and Venezuela, and D. jamesonii R. H. Maxwell from Ecuador. Dioclea macrocarpa Huber is designated as lectotype for Dioclea sect. Macrocarpon Amshoff.