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Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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Article . 2024
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Article . 2024
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Analytical and Numerical Investigation for the Inhomogeneous Pantograph Equation

Authors: Faten Aldosari; Abdelhalim Ebaid;

Analytical and Numerical Investigation for the Inhomogeneous Pantograph Equation

Abstract

This paper investigates the inhomogeneous version of the pantograph equation. The current model includes the exponential function as the inhomogeneous part of the pantograph equation. The Maclaurin series expansion (MSE) is a well-known standard method for solving initial value problems; it may be easier than any other approaches. Moreover, the MSE can be used in a straightforward manner in contrast to the other analytical methods. Thus, the MSE is extended in this paper to treat the inhomogeneous pantograph equation. The solution is obtained in a closed series form with an explicit formula for the series coefficients and the convergence of the series is proved. Also, the analytic solutions of some models in the literature are recovered as special cases of the present work. The accuracy of the results is examined through several comparisons with the available exact solutions of some classes in the relevant literature. Finally, the residuals are calculated and then used to validate the accuracy of the present approximations for some classes which have no exact solutions.

Related Organizations
Keywords

inhomogeneous, exact solution, series solution, delay, pantograph, QA1-939, Mathematics

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Top 10%
Average
Average
gold