A reliable and economic utilization of textile-reinforced concrete in construction requires appropriate design concepts. Unlike designs for bending, the development of models for shear is still the subject of current research. Especially for thin slabs, systematic experimental investigations are lacking. In this paper, the results of an experimental campaign on 27 carbon-textile reinforced slab segments tested in three-point bending are presented. The shear-span to depth ratio and member size were key variation parameters in this study. Increasing the structural depth of members led to a reduction in relative shear strength, while variation of shear slenderness controlled the efficiency of direct stress fields between load introduction and support. Interestingly, direct load transfer was activated up to a shear slenderness ratio of 4, which is significantly higher than in reinforced concrete (a/d < 2.5–3) and may result from the bond characteristics of the textile reinforcement. The experimental shear strengths were compared to predictions from existing models for shear of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-reinforced concrete. The study shows that these FRP calculation models also predict the ultimate shear force for textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) tests presented in this paper with sufficient accuracy. Existing approaches for the size effect seem transferable as well. In order to validate the models for general use in TRC shear design, a compilation and comparison with larger experimental databases is required in future works.