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Beyond conservation agriculture

ما وراء الزراعة الحافظة للموارد
Authors: Ken E Giller; Jens A Andersson; Marc eCorbeels; Marc eCorbeels; John eKirkegaard; David eMortensen; Olaf eErenstein; +1 Authors

Beyond conservation agriculture

Abstract

Le soutien mondial à l'agriculture de conservation (AC) en tant que voie vers l'intensification durable est fort. L'AC s'articule autour de trois principes : pas de labour (ou perturbation minimale du sol), couverture du sol et rotation des cultures. Les avantages découlant de la facilité de gestion des cultures, des économies d'énergie/coûts/temps et de la conservation des sols et de l'eau ont conduit à une adoption généralisée de l'AC, en particulier dans les grandes exploitations agricoles des Amériques et d'Australie, où les agriculteurs exploitent les outils de la science moderne : machines hautement sophistiquées, produits agrochimiques puissants et biotechnologie. Au cours des 10 dernières années, l'AC a été promue auprès des petits exploitants agricoles des (sous) tropiques, souvent avec des résultats décevants. De plus en plus de preuves remettent en question les affirmations selon lesquelles l'AC augmente les rendements des cultures et accumule du carbone dans le sol, bien qu'une stabilité accrue des rendements des cultures dans les climats secs soit évidente. Nos analyses suggèrent une adoption pragmatique dans les grandes exploitations mécanisées et une adoption limitée de l'AC par les petits exploitants agricoles des pays en développement. Nous proposons une approche rigoureuse et contextuelle basée sur l'agronomie des systèmes pour analyser et explorer les options d'intensification durable, y compris le potentiel de l'AC. Il est urgent d'aller au-delà des dogmes et des approches prescriptives pour fournir aux agriculteurs des options de gestion des sols et des cultures afin de permettre l'intensification durable de l'agriculture.

El apoyo global a la Agricultura Conservadora (AC) como un camino hacia la Intensificación Sostenible es fuerte. La AC gira en torno a tres principios: labranza cero (o perturbación mínima del suelo), cobertura del suelo y rotación de cultivos. Los beneficios derivados de la facilidad de manejo de los cultivos, el ahorro de energía/costo/tiempo y el ahorro de suelo y agua llevaron a la adopción generalizada de la AC, particularmente en grandes granjas de América y Australia, donde los agricultores aprovechan las herramientas de la ciencia moderna: máquinas altamente sofisticadas, agroquímicos potentes y biotecnología. En los últimos 10 años, se ha promovido la AC entre los pequeños agricultores en los (sub) trópicos, a menudo con resultados decepcionantes. La creciente evidencia desafía las afirmaciones de que la AC aumenta los rendimientos de los cultivos y acumula carbono en el suelo, aunque es evidente una mayor estabilidad de los rendimientos de los cultivos en climas secos. Nuestros análisis sugieren una adopción pragmática en granjas mecanizadas más grandes y una absorción limitada de AC por parte de los pequeños agricultores de los países en desarrollo. Proponemos un enfoque riguroso y sensible al contexto basado en la Agronomía de Sistemas para analizar y explorar opciones de intensificación sostenible, incluido el potencial de CA. Existe una necesidad urgente de ir más allá del dogma y los enfoques prescriptivos para proporcionar opciones de manejo de suelos y cultivos a los agricultores para permitir la intensificación sostenible de la agricultura.

Global support for Conservation Agriculture (CA) as a pathway to Sustainable Intensification is strong. CA revolves around three principles: no-till (or minimal soil disturbance), soil cover, and crop rotation. The benefits arising from the ease of crop management, energy/cost/time savings, and soil and water conservation led to widespread adoption of CA, particularly on large farms in the Americas and Australia, where farmers harness the tools of modern science: highly-sophisticated machines, potent agrochemicals, and biotechnology. Over the past 10 years CA has been promoted among smallholder farmers in the (sub-) tropics, often with disappointing results. Growing evidence challenges the claims that CA increases crop yields and builds-up soil carbon although increased stability of crop yields in dry climates is evident. Our analyses suggest pragmatic adoption on larger mechanized farms, and limited uptake of CA by smallholder farmers in developing countries. We propose a rigorous, context-sensitive approach based on Systems Agronomy to analyze and explore sustainable intensification options, including the potential of CA. There is an urgent need to move beyond dogma and prescriptive approaches to provide soil and crop management options for farmers to enable the Sustainable Intensification of agriculture.

الدعم العالمي لزراعة الحفظ (CA) كمسار للتكثيف المستدام قوي. يدور المرجع المصدق حول ثلاثة مبادئ: عدم الحراثة (أو الحد الأدنى من اضطراب التربة)، وغطاء التربة، ودوران المحاصيل. أدت الفوائد الناشئة عن سهولة إدارة المحاصيل، وتوفير الطاقة/التكلفة/الوقت، والحفاظ على التربة والمياه إلى اعتماد واسع النطاق لـ CA، لا سيما في المزارع الكبيرة في الأمريكتين وأستراليا، حيث يسخر المزارعون أدوات العلوم الحديثة: الآلات المتطورة للغاية، والكيماويات الزراعية القوية، والتكنولوجيا الحيوية. على مدى السنوات العشر الماضية، تمت ترقية CA بين المزارعين أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة في المناطق الاستوائية (الفرعية)، وغالبًا ما كانت النتائج مخيبة للآمال. تتحدى الأدلة المتزايدة الادعاءات القائلة بأن زراعة المحاصيل تزيد من غلة المحاصيل وتراكم كربون التربة على الرغم من أن زيادة استقرار غلة المحاصيل في المناخات الجافة أمر واضح. تشير تحليلاتنا إلى التبني العملي في المزارع الآلية الأكبر، والاستيعاب المحدود للسلوك الزراعي من قبل المزارعين أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة في البلدان النامية. نقترح نهجًا صارمًا وحساسًا للسياق يعتمد على هندسة النظم الزراعية لتحليل واستكشاف خيارات التكثيف المستدامة، بما في ذلك إمكانات CA. هناك حاجة ملحة لتجاوز العقيدة والنهج الإرشادية لتوفير خيارات إدارة التربة والمحاصيل للمزارعين لتمكين التكثيف المستدام للزراعة.

Countries
France, France, Netherlands
Keywords

Mulch, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28720, Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture, Economics, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, legumes, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_199, Agricultural Innovation and Livelihood Diversification, petite exploitation agricole, Crop, SB1-1110, Systems agronomy, agriculture alternative, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Context (archaeology), E14 - Économie et politique du développement, culture sous couvert végétal, Crop rotation, Natural resource economics, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35332, Business, food production, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2651, intensification, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8511, politique de développement, F07 - Façons culturales, Agricultural economics, changement climatique, Geography, Ecology, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28792, Sustainable intensification, Sustainable intensification1, Sustainable agriculture, Life Sciences, Agriculture, non-travail du sol, Legumes, rotation culturale, Crop Production, Archaeology, Soil conservation, systems agronomy, développement durable, Physical Sciences, Cover crop, systems agronomy5, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, diversification, Conservation agriculture, legumes4, mulch3, Climate smart agriculture, grande exploitation agricole, érosion, Evaluation of Environmental Impact in Agriculture, Environmental science, climate smart agriculture, soil erosion2, Environmental Chemistry, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666, pays en développement, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7165, Agroforestry, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, E10 - Économie et politique agricoles, soil erosion, mulch, sustainable intensification, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2228, Tropics, Plant culture, Agronomy, conservation des sols, développement agricole, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33485, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25706, FOS: Biological sciences, Environmental Science, Soil erosion, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2222, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2344, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6662, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7113

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
331
Top 0.1%
Top 1%
Top 1%
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