Swimming is an integral part of the life history of many fish species as is intimately linked with their ability to express feeding and predator avoidance behaviors, habitat selection and environmental preferences, social and reproductive behaviors as well as migratory behaviors (Videler, 1993; Palstra and Planas, 2011). Therefore, swimming is an important determinant factor of fitness in a true Darwinian sense and, not surprisingly, swimming performance has been often used as a measure of physiological fitness in fish (Hammer, 2005). In the face of growing changes in the aquatic environment due to global warming and other anthropogenic influences (e.g., hydropower plants and pumping stations, pollution, destruction of essential habitats, etc.), swimming performance can become a relevant proxy for the level of fitness in our evaluation of organismal responses to environmental perturbations in wild fish populations. Changes in the locomotory capabilities of fish due to alterations in swimming performance can have important consequences at the population level in terms of individual dispersal and species abundance, reproductive success and genetic structure of the fish populations, as shown in other vertebrate groups (Hillman et al., 2014). Reduced activity levels due to swimming in captivity can also decrease their physiological fitness status or condition as it is known to occur in aquaculture, when fish cannot display their normal swimming behavior due to confinement under high densities or to insufficient water flows to induce swimming, leading to decreased fitness (both physical and reproductive), growth, survival and muscle quality, depending on the swimming characteristics of the species (Palstra and Planas, 2013). An extensive body of literature supports the notion that swimming, through the ensuing muscle contraction and activation of the cardiovascular system, affects the physiology of the fish through adaptive mechanisms that are recently beginning to be uncovered (Palstra and Planas, 2013; Rodnick and Planas, 2016). Further research efforts in this area should inform the scientific community and the public on the ability of wild fish populations to cope with environmental change and on the benefits of induced swimming for improved aquaculture production and fish welfare.

Fil: Magnoni, Leonardo Julián. Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacoes Marinhas e Medioambientales; Portugal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Fil: Palstra, Arjan P.. University Of Agriculture Wageningen; Países Bajos

Fil: Planas, Josep V.. Universidad de Barcelona; España