
Previous research has indicated that an open-label placebo can reduce pain in both healthy participants and chronic pain patients. As nondeceptive placebos seem to be an effective and more ethical alternative to deceptive placebos, optimizing this kind of treatment is essential. Observational learning was previously shown to induce the deceptive placebo effect; therefore, this study aimed to verify its effectiveness in fortifying the open-label placebo effect. Healthy volunteers (N=117) were randomly assigned to four groups: open-label placebo with (OLP+OBL) or without (OLP) observational learning, deceptive placebo with observational learning (OBL), or control group. Participants underwent baseline and testing measurements, during which they self-reported pain induced by heat stimulation. Between assessments, placebo cream was openly administered in the OLP and OLP+OBL groups. The OLP+OBL group next watched a model experiencing hypoalgesia after cream application. In the OBL, participants received placebo cream with no information about its effect, and then they watched the model. The placebo effect was successfully evoked in both open-label groups, which confirms the effectiveness of this intervention for pain reduction. However, the hypoalgesic effect was of similar magnitude in the OLP and OLP+OBL groups, which indicates that observation did not contribute to the effect. The placebo effect was absent in the OBL group. The results showed that reinforcing the open-label placebo by observational learning may be redundant, but more research is needed to confirm these findings.
Male, Adult, Pain Threshold, Adolescent, open-label placebo, verbal suggestion, Pain, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Placebo Effect, placebo hypoalgesia, Placebos, Young Adult, observational learning, Psychology, placebo effect, Humans, Learning, Female, Research Paper, Pain Measurement
Male, Adult, Pain Threshold, Adolescent, open-label placebo, verbal suggestion, Pain, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Placebo Effect, placebo hypoalgesia, Placebos, Young Adult, observational learning, Psychology, placebo effect, Humans, Learning, Female, Research Paper, Pain Measurement
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