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Michael Psellus’s Teaching on the Intellect from Outside (θύραθεν νοῦς) in the Late Byzantine Context

Учение Михаила Пселла о внешнем уме (θύραθεν νοῦς) в поздневизантийском контексте

Michael Psellus’s Teaching on the Intellect from Outside (θύραθεν νοῦς) in the Late Byzantine Context

Abstract

Статья посвящена гносеологии Михаила Пселла, а именно специфической трактовке им перипатетического термина «внешний ум». Данное учение иллюстрирует то радикальное отличие, которое наблюдается между так называемым придворным богословием и монашеским богословием (основные представители последнего — Симеон Новый Богослов и Никита Стифат) в xi в. Анализируются все тексты Михаила Пселла, в которых он используется концепцию внешнего ума, и в первую очередь трактат 1.106, толкование на одно из мест Григория Богослова, где византийский мыслитель предлагает данное учение в развернутом виде. Понятие Александра Афродисийского Михаил Пселл развернул в триаду «пифагорейское – платоническое – сократическое», в которой первый элемент соответствует непроявленному идеалу, содержащему практический императив, второй — абстрагированию идеала от субъекта практики и, тем самым, «забвению» практического, а третий — осуществлению идеала в человеческой индивидуальности, так что идеал вновь становится практическим, но уже проявленным, реально существующим. Источником этой триады, как показано в статье, является комментарий неоплатоника Прокла на платоновский «Тимей», хотя трактовка Михаила Пселла радикально отличается от того, что наблюдается у афинского диадоха. Анализ фрагментов, содержащих понятие внешнего ума, из доксографических сочинений Михаила Пселла дают представление о том, что термин заимствован мыслителем из комментария Иоанна Филопона на аристотелевский трактат «О душе». Еще один текст — письмо протосинкеллу Льву Параспондилу — отражает ранний этап рецепции Михаилом Пселлом данного термина. The paper deals with the epistemology of Michael Psellus, namely, his specific interpretation of the peripatetic term ‘intellect from outside’ (θύραθεν vοῦς). This teaching illustrates the radical difference that is apparent between the so-called court theology and monastic theology (the main representatives of the latter are Symeon the New Theologian and Niketas Stethatos) in the 11th century. All the texts of Michael Psellus, in which he uses the concept of the intellect from outside, are analyzed, and first of all his treatise 1.106, which is an interpretation of one of the fragments from Gregory the Theologian. In this treatise, the Byzantine thinker offers the above mentioned teaching in an expanded form. Michael Psellus has developed a version of the concept found in Alexander of Aphrodisias into a triad of the ‘Pythagorean – Platonic – Socratic’ elements, where the first one corresponds to an as yet unmanifested ideal containing a practical imperative, the second, to an abstraction of the ideal from the subject of practice and, thereby, an ‘oblivion’ of the practical, and the third, to an actualization of the ideal in human individuality, so that the ideal once again becomes practical, but this time already manifested, actually existing. The source of this triad, as shown in the paper, is Proclus’ commentary on Plato’s , although the interpretation of Michael Psellus is radically different from that observed in Proclus’ text. The analysis of doxographic fragments by Psellus containing the concept of the intellect from outside gives the idea that the term has been borrowed from the commentary by John Philoponus on the Aristotelian treatise . Another text, a letter to Leon Paraspondylos, reflects the early stage of Psellus’ reception of this concept.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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