Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
addClaim

Modelling the weathering process of stored liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Authors: Migliore Cappello, Calogero;

Modelling the weathering process of stored liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Abstract

Weathering occurs in stored liquefied natural gas (LNG) due to the removal of the boil-off gas (BOG) from the LNG container and results in the remaining LNG being richer in heavier components. A model has been developed to predict stored LNG weathering in containment tanks, typically used in regasification. The model integrates a vapour-liquid equilibrium model, and a realistic heat transfer model. It provides a number of advances on previously developed models: (i) heat ingress is calculated based on outside temperature and LNG composition, allowing for daily/seasonal variations; (ii) boil-off-ratio is not an input; (iii) LNG density is estimated using an experimentally based correlation. The model was validated using real industry data and the agreement obtained in predicting overall composition, density and amount vaporized was within industry requirements. Two modelling approaches have been developed: (i) assuming thermodynamic equilibrium between vapour and liquid; and (ii) assuming heat exchange between the two phases. Both models were run in a predictive mode to assess the BOG under different scenarios. One of the main results of this work is that the BOG generation is 25% less when considering the non-equilibrium approach, which will have a significant impact on industry where simple equilibrium models are used. In the initial stages of weathering nitrogen content of LNG has a marked effect on BOG generation. Even 0.5% mol of nitrogen leads to nearly 7% BOG decrease, making the initial BOG unmarketable. That is a result of preferential evaporation of nitrogen and increase in the direct differential molar latent heat. In the final stages of weathering the heavier hydrocarbons govern the BOG dynamics, which becomes a strong function of initial composition and the LNG remaining in the tank.

Country
United Kingdom
Related Organizations
Keywords

330

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    selected citations
    These citations are derived from selected sources.
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    1
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
Upload OA version
Are you the author of this publication? Upload your Open Access version to Zenodo!
It’s fast and easy, just two clicks!