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Diversification and economic development

Diversifizierung und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung
Authors: Kaulich, Florian;

Diversification and economic development

Abstract

Diese Arbeit analysiert den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Spezialisierungsgrad einer Ökonomie und dem Level des Pro-Kopf-Einkommens, und prüft insbesondere die Hypothese eines U-förmigen Zusammenhanges zwischen diesen Größen. In der betreffenden Literatur werden theoretische Argumente und politische Empfehlungen sowohl für mehr Spezialisierung als auch für mehr Diversifizierung vorgebracht. Neuere empirische Studien zeigen, dass beide Kräfte relevant sind, aber in unterschiedlichen Bereichen des Pro-Kopf-Einkommens eines Landes. Niedrigeinkommensländer diversifizieren ihre ökonomische Struktur mit steigendem Pro-Kopf-Einkommen bis zu einem gewissen ökonomischen Niveau, bei dem Re-Spezialisierung einsetzt, wodurch eine U-Kurve entsteht. Diese Form wurde empirisch sowohl für die Produktionsstruktur als auch für die Exportstruktur bestätigt, obwohl einige Studien die verwendeten Methoden kritisieren. Die ökonometrische Analyse in dieser Arbeit zeigt, dass die vermutete U Kurve nicht robust ist, da sie sowohl von dem verwendeten Datensatz sowie in der Messmethode abhängt. Sogar in jenen Fällen, in denen eine signifikante U-Kurve beobachtet werden kann, wird diese Kurve eher von länderspezifischen Charakteristika als von einer Variation innerhalb der jeweiligen Länder geprägt. Obwohl gezeigt werden kann, dass Niedrigeinkommensländer ihre Produktions- und Exportstruktur mit steigendem Pro-Kopf-Einkommen diversifizieren, können keine robusten Schlussfolgerungen bezüglich eines Re-Spezialisierungtrends bei Hocheinkommensländern getroffen werden. Das Kontrollieren für den Einfluss von anderen Determinanten des Spezialisierungsgrades zeigt, dass andere Faktoren als das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen die Variation innerhalb von Ländern vollständig beschreiben. Folglich beschreibt die vorgeschlagene U-Kurve nicht den „Entwicklungspfad“ eines durchschnittlichen Landes.

This study analyses the relationship between economic specialization and the level of income per capita and, in particular, tests the hypothesis of a U-curve between the two. In the respective literature, economic arguments and political advice are presented in favour of specialization as well as diversification. Recent empirical studies propose that both forces are relevant, albeit at different levels of income per capita. Low-income countries diversify their production with rising income per capita until they reach a certain level of economic development, at which point specialization sets in, thus resulting in a U-curve. This pattern has been confirmed for the production structure as well as that for exports, but some studies criticize the measures and methodology used in this context. The econometric analysis in this study shows that the conjectured U-curve is not robust, as it depends on the dataset used and specialization measure applied. Even in cases where a significant U-curve is observed, it is driven by country-specific fixed effects rather than within-country variation. While it can be shown that low-income countries diversify their production and export structure as income per capita rises, no robust conclusions can be drawn concerning a trend towards re-specialization for high-income countries. Controlling for other determinants reveals that the within-country variation is rather determined by factors other than income per capita. Accordingly, the proposed U-curve does not represent the “development path” of an average country.

Related Organizations
Keywords

502046 Volkswirtschaftspolitik, 502003 Foreign trade, 502046 Economic policy, 502003 Außenhandel, 509003 Development cooperation, 509003 Entwicklungszusammenarbeit

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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