Buildings play an important role in the global green transition, enabling countries and cities to reach their climate targets through measures of energy efficiency. However, in light of the apparent benefits of energy efficiency, evidence suggests that current energy efficiency potentials remain largely untapped, meaning that energy efficiency of the buildings has not been implemented at the rate that it should be. This has been labelled as the Paradox of Energy Efficiency; on the one hand having a clear set of goals for EEB implemented by governments and cities, and on the other hand not being able to achieve these goals despite the availability of cost-efficient solutions. The goal of the thesis is to provide clarity around this phenomenon. In order to investigate the energy efficiency gap with a focus on the building sector, the study identifies which barriers exist in the case of implementing energy efficiency of the buildings. Secondly, it analyses the nature of these barriers though Wicked, Tame and Critical problem lens and consequently suggest approaches to solve them by applying Clumsy Solution Model. The aim of this thesis is to undertake case studies of Copenhagen and Madrid and match the empirical data with theories on problems and problem solving. This study researches the impediment that authorities are potentially confronted with when implementing energy efficiency in the building sector, examines the role of actors and addresses the challenge of overcoming the barriers.

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