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Maritime territorial conflicts

Maritime territoriale Konflikte: Das geopolitische Erbe der Guano Inseln
Authors: Vasant, Khushita;

Maritime territorial conflicts

Abstract

Am Beginn einer Ära der hochentwickelten Ausbeutung von Meeresressourcen stehend haben Fragen über das Eigentum an den maritimen Reichtümern Probleme in den Mittelpunkt gerückt, wie staatliche Grenzen auf den Ozeanen, Meeren, um Inseln, Riffe und Koralleninseln sowie am Meeresboden zu ziehen sind. Ferne Inseln und Atolle, denen vor Jahrhunderten keinerlei Beachtung geschenkt wurde, haben jetzt als wertvolle Fleckchen Erde, die imstande sind, die nationale Souveränität über die traditionellen Grenzen hinaus vorzuschieben, eine neue Bedeutung erlangt. Vor weniger als 200 Jahren wurde auf mehreren Inseln rund um den Erdball rücksichtslos Guano, getrocknete Vogelexkremente, wegen seiner Eigenschaften als hochwirksamer, natürlicher Dünger abgebaut. Nachdem sie jahrzehntelang vergessen gewesen waren, gaben diverse Eigentumsansprüche auf die Guanoinseln der Karibik Anlass zu diplomatischen und Rechtsstreitigkeiten. Der Grund für den Konflikt sind nicht mehr die Vogelexkremente sondern die unerforschten und potentiell riesigen Mineralölquellen und die biologischen Ressourcen, die sich im Meer rund um die Inseln befinden. Da Inseln – wie klein oder groß auch immer—nach internationalem Seerecht Ansprüche auf ihre eigenen Küstengewässer und ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszonen begründen, fand das aus dem 17. Jahrhundert stammende Prinzip der ‚Freiheit der Meere‘ definitiv ein Ende und sein Grab im Meer. Die Ära verstärkter Ressourcenausbeutung und die Gier nach einem größeren maritimen Territorium haben nicht nur dazu geführt, dass ‚Felsen‘ als ‚Inseln‘ durchgehen, sondern sie veranlassen rohstoffhungrige Nationen auch zu verstärkter Militarisierung zur See und zu zweifelhaften geopolitischen Machenschaften. Die zuvor unbeachteten Guanoinseln in der Karibik, die eine wichtige Schifffahrtsroute ebenso wie Amerikas Hinterhof darstellt, könnten heute so wertvoll wie noch nie sein. Hier werden vier ehemalige Guanoinseln in der Karibik betrachtet und der Verlauf ihres Konflikts, in den die USA und die früheren europäischen Kolonialmächte gegen die ‚underdog‘ Nationen Haiti und Venezuela neben einigen anderen verwickelt sind.

As we usher in an era of advanced undersea resource exploitation, questions about the ownership of marine wealth have put focus on the problem of determining national borders over the oceans, seas, islands, cays, and the deep sea-bed. Distant islands and atolls that had lain in disregard centuries ago have now assumed new meaning as prized specks of land meant to project sovereignty beyond a nationstate’s traditional borders. Less than 200 years ago, several islands around the world were mined relentlessly for guano, or dried bird feces, for their attribute as a highly potent, natural fertilizer. After having been forgotten for decades, various claims of ownership over the Caribbean’s guano islands over the past century have fueled international diplomatic and legal conflicts. The source of the conflict is no longer bird dung but the unexplored and potentially vast hydrocarbon resources and biological riches present in the sea around these islands. With islands—however small or big—entitled to territorial seas and exclusive economic zones of their own under international maritime law, the 17th century principle of the ‘freedom of the seas’ has definitively been castaway and buried at sea. This era of greater resource exploitation, and the lust for a larger maritime territory has led not just to ‘rocks’ being passed off as ‘islands’, but dangerously pushed resource-hungry nations into heightened naval militarization and geopolitical crookery. The neglected former guano islands of the Caribbean Sea, which happens to be an important naval highway as well as America’s backyard, may have never been as valuable as they are today. Under discussion are four former guano islands in the Caribbean region and the trajectory of their conflict which involves the U.S. and Europe’s former colonial powers against the ‘underdog’ nations of Haiti and Venezuela among several others.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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