Estrus has been synchronized in cattle with progestogens, prostaglandins (prostaglandin F2 alpha and its analogues), progestogen-estrogen combinations and progestogen-prostaglandin combinations. Progestogens administered for 14 to 20 d are effective in synchronizing estrus; however, fertility at the synchronized estrus is subnormal. Duration of progestogen treatment can be reduced by combining it with an estrogen. Syncro-Mate B is a progestogen-estrogen combination that results in a tightly synchronized estrous response. Prostaglandins can be used in double- or single-injection programs. Fertility of the estrus after prostaglandin treatment is similar to that of controls. Estrus also has been synchronized effectively by combining a 5- to 9-d progestogen treatment with prostaglandin at or near the end of treatment. When prostaglandin is used alone, cattle in the late stages of the luteal phase (d 11 to 15 of the estrous cycle) at the time of prostaglandin injection have a higher estrous response and may be more fertile than those injected with prostaglandin in the early part (d 6 to 9) of the luteal phase. More recently, a 14-d progestogen treatment has been combined with a prostaglandin injection given 16 to 18 d after progestogen withdrawal. This system places cattle in the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle at the time of prostaglandin injection and has resulted in an estrus with greater fertility than that immediately following progestogen treatment.