Recent literature has tended to reduce the role ascribed to Cluny in the life of the Peninsula, granting a greater role to Spanish initiatives. At the same time it has shifted the focus of Cluniac intercession from Aragon to Leon, and fashioned a detailed picture of the way in which Abbot Hugh, the much-esteemed leader of a community thought to lead all others in piety, worked with the Leonese monarchs to the mutual benefit of Cluny and to Leonese cultural and political ambitions. Leonese largesse allowed Hugh to begin the largest church in Europe. In return the rulers of Leon received advice and perpetual prayers. The artistic benefit for Cluny was nil, and for Spain isolated and particular. Three works are here identified as products of Hugh's intervention: the Arca of San Isidoro, the Parma Ildefonsus, and the frescoes of San Juan de la Pena.