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The American Biology Teacher
Article . 1959 . Peer-reviewed
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Hybrid Vigor in Biophysics

Authors: Gayther L. Plummer;

Hybrid Vigor in Biophysics

Abstract

One of the basic understandings we have received from genetics is the theory that hybrid vigor is an important natural occurrence. It means, in the simplest sense, when two pure strains of related organisms are crossed the resulting hybrid is usually more vigorous than either of its parents. The advantages of hybridization are well known in corn, roses, and many domestic animals. Certain handicaps and disadvantages always accompany a hybrid, but these oftimes present minor problems in comparison to their overall values. Evolution is brought about partly by the hybridization of organisms. In doing so, the hybrid will usually occupy one particular kind of niche. These niches require of the hybrid different and better adaptations than either parent can accomplish. It is said to be a progressive step in evolution if the hybrid can germinate, grow, reproduce, and become dispersed. The offspring must then do likewise. Hybridization is not especially a unique characteristic of the biota alone. In all walks of life alliances and compromises are made when two or more fields of knowledge are employed to solve all sorts of problems. Not too long ago chemistry and biology were almost completely separate disciplines of science. The principles, the tools, and the objectives of each were independent. Then someone saw a need for sanitation, for commercial fertilizers, antibiotics, blood typing, and other modem practices. An alliance between the problems in biology and the knowledge of chemists was formed on commnon grounds. Biochemistry, thus became the vigorous progeny. It has not only given mankind new insights into the characteristics of life itself, but it has also produced a very specialized kind of industrialization with widespread applications. Thermonuclear devices and the era of rocketry and missiles have thrust upon biologists many newv kinds of problems. In short, no one really knows what atomic radiation will do to the welfare of plants and animals in the long run of time. No one really knows yet whether men will eat and sleep successfully in the weightlessness of space travel. It is apparent that the physical scientists and their allies have produced something more complex than what biologists can solve by themselves. For a biologist to understand such problems and for biologists as a whole to bring their part of this new era up to par with the physical sciences, some understanding must be reached about the characteristics of these new accomplishments. This automatically puts biologists one step behind and calls for hybridization of knowledge. Radiant energy from the sun is essential for life. Radiation from the atom is generally detrimental to protoplasm. In general, exact dosages from X rays and atomic radiation are still extremely complex problems involving many unknown characteristics. In both instances the physical principles of energy are involved and this automatically allies biology with physics. Not only is biology allied with physics in the fields of radiation and aerobiology, but similar combinations with other fields are noteworthy. It is understood now that bats navigate by means of a radar-type of facility. Experiments have demonstrated that changing the frequency of timing of sound waves can alter the breeding habits of certain animals. Plants respond to gravity and centrifugal forces while growing. The roles of electricity and magnetism on biological behaviors are essentially unexplored. The fields of extrasensory perception, mental telepathy, and other types of communications in animals, all provide interesting avenues into the physical nature of biological behavior. There is evidence that migrations of birds, salmon, etc., to some extent rely on physical phenomena which must be accurately defined. The opportunities in biophysics are just beginning and have unlimited challenges. There is a variety of science projects which may be carried out in the biology laboratory to encourage hybridization of interests between biology and other sciences. Projects in biophysics usually attract considerable attention at science fairs. Some of the projects suggested below may be more stimulating to the student who is most adept with the electrodes, or levers, than with the microscope or a scalpel and "pickled" frog. Growth and behavioral responses of plants and animals to colored

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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