Xylopia panamensis sp. nov. is pro- posed based on material from Santa Rita Ridge and El Llano-Carti road formerly referred to Xylopia bocatorena Schery. The new species differs from X. bocatorena by its rounded leaf base, longer in- dument on the bracts and calyx, smaller flowers, fewer seeds per monocarp, and thus shorter mon- ocarps. Reexamination of Mesoamerican material of Xy- lopia in conjunction with the preparation of a treat- ment of the Annonaceae for the Manual to the Plants of Costa Rica has revealed a previously undescribed species from Colon and San Bias Prov- inces, Panama.