The early floral development of Camellioideae was studied. Two major evolutionary lineages were recognized for this subfamily. The earlier evolved lineage (Camellia, Polyspora, and Pyrenaria) has normally 11–14 perianth members, which are initiated in a continuous spiral and are differentiated into sepals and petals at late floral development, and numerous stamens initiated individually and centrifugally on the whole androecial region. The later derived lineage (Franklinia, Hartia, Schima, and Stewartia) has five sepals and five petals arranged in two whorls, and numerous individual stamens originating centrifugally from the five petal‐opposed zones. Hartia‐Stewartia and Franklinia‐Schima further diverged as two branches — the former is characterized by having androecial fascicles and axile‐basal placentation. The androecial fascicle is considered to be derived within this subfamily. The latter exhibits a higher degree of carpellary congenital fusion and axile‐central placentaion, and as a whole, is concluded to be the most advanced group in the Camellioideae. A taxonomic treatment of the Camellioideae at the tribal level is also proposed.