This research is focused on the genetic diversity and population structure of the Black Slavonian pig, with the aim of assessing the situation regarding the endangerment of genetic diversity, and defining the further role of this breed in the preseration of its genetic diversity. Genetic population parameters were assessed in 42 animals at 8 microsatellite loci. On three of the observed loci there was a deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium with P<0.01, one locus showed P<0.05, and in all of them the stated deviation resulted from a deficiency of heterozygous animals. The entire population's deviation from the HW equilibrium, with x2=92.8, Df=16, and P<0.0001 was also significant. Average PIC value for all 8 loci was 0.368. The average number of detected allelic variants was 2.50, with a standard deviation of 0.76 alleles. Such a small number of detected allelic variants, as well as the significant deviation from the HW equilibrium in four loci caused by a deficiency of heterozygotes, can be taken as one of the indicators of the reduced genetic diversity of the breed.