OBJECTIVE: To present the aspects involved in iron deficiency anemia in children and several measures for its control. METHOD: The authors performed an extensive review of national and international literature and associated findings to their own personal experience in this area. The study included general aspects of iron metabolism, iron deficiency, and the mechanisms that trigger iron deficiency anemia (IDA). In addition, the authors focused on the current situation of IDA in Brazil, its prevention and treatment. RESULTS: Iron deficiency is still one of the most serious public health issues in Brazil despite all the available knowledge about intervention measures. The studies found in the literature show excellent results through the fortification of foods and/or iron supplementation, in association with nutritional education. CONCLUSION: The authors concluded that Brazil detains sufficient knowledge regarding IDA, and that the proposed intervention measures have proved to be efficient. There is, however, a lack of political will and focus at all governmental levels (Federal, State and Municipal), and a greater commitment on the part of health professionals that allow the alarming prevalence rates of iron deficiency anemia in our population at higher risk (i.e. children) to be reversed.