During the 1980s, economic disruptions in several key industries have increased financial stress in many parts of rural America. Difficulties in mining and energy extraction, import-competing manufacturing and agriculture have combined to raise the rural unemployment rate above the metro rate, a reversal of what happened during much of the 1970s. Job creation in rural areas has been much slower than in metro areas, contributing to a net out-migration of 632,000 people in 1985-86 after an annual average net in-migration during the 1970s.