
doi: 10.21857/m16wjc6579
This article focuses on a very specific aspect of maritime law, i.e. the remedies that exist under Dutch law in order for a marina operator to pursue a claim against a vessel owner either based on a contract or based on torts. This is not a straightforward matter, as it involves various areas of law as well as specific maritime legal issues, for instance contract law, the right of attachment, including the 1952 Arrest Convention,1 and the right of retention. After a general introduction about pleasure craft and marinas in the Netherlands, and some general considerations about the legal framework that applies, an overview of the possibilities will be given. The various requirements that need to be met will be discussed, focusing on the specific situation of a claim by a marina operator against a vessel owner. A specific issue that may arise in respect of a marina operator’s claim against a vessel owner is that it is not always clear how the agreement that forms the basis for the claim should be qualified. This is of importance, as the way an agreement is qualified, and more specifically which rights and obligations each party has under the agreement, also determines the remedies that are available to the claimant. The right of retention is only available if a certain degree of control is exercised over the vessel, as the right of retention is the right to suspend the obligation to return the vessel, and this sometimes constitutes a problem in respect of a marina operator’s claims. This will be explained in more detail below. Certain specific provisions in the Civil Code concerning the right of retention of vessels will also be addressed. As it is not necessary to obtain permission from the courts to exercise a right of retention, this is often the most straightforward option for a marina operator. If it is not clear whether a right of retention exists and/or may be exercised, another option for enforcing a claim is an attachment, which in the Netherlands is also possible before a title for enforcement is obtained (a so-called conservatory attachment). Obtaining and effecting an attachment order is relatively easy in the Netherlands. The procedure is expedient and fast, making the Netherlands an ideal location for a claimant to pursue such claims. Certain additional considerations will also be discussed with regard to the identity of the debtor, as well as the applicable law, as these may give rise to problems in respect of enforcement. In the past, it was only possible to effect an order obtained in the Netherlands within Dutch jurisdiction, and therefore it was necessary that the vessel was located within the Netherlands (or expected to arrive there in due course) in order to obtain permission from the court to attach a vessel. However, the revised Brussels I Regulation allows for the possibility of exporting judgments throughout the EU even if the decision is a so-called ex parte decision, which is a decision where only the applicant is a party to the proceedings. The other party is unaware of the proceedings until the very moment that enforcement is sought. Since vessels are moveable objects, this may provide for a useful additional possibility for enforcement within the EU, and therefore this new development will also be discussed.
Članak se bavi veoma specifičnim aspektom pomorskog prava, tj. pravnim mjerama koje po nizozemskom pravu omogućuju marini da ostvari svoju ugovornu ili izvanugovornu tražbinu protiv vlasnika plovila. Ovo nije jednostavno pitanje jer uključuje niz različitih područja, kao što su pomorsko pravo, ugovorno pravo, ovršno pravo, Međunarodna konvencija za izjednačavanje nekih pravila o privremenom zaustavljanju pomorskih brodova iz 1952. i pravo retencije. Nakon općeg uvoda o rekreacijskoj plovidbi i marinama u Nizozemskoj te uvodnih razmatranja o primjenjivom pravnom okviru, daje se pregled mogućih pravnih rješenja. Diskutira se o različitim pravnim pretpostavkama, s posebnim fokusom na ostvarenje tražbina marine protiv vlasnika plovila. Posebno pitanje javlja se u vezi tražbine marine protiv vlasnika plovila zbog ponekad nejasne kvalifikacije ugovora na temelju kojeg tražbina nastaje. Pitanje je važno jer o kvalifikaciji ugovora, točnije o pravima i obvezama ugovornih strana ovisi koje će pravne mjere biti na raspolaganju vjerovniku. Pravo retencije postoji pod uvjetom da vjerovnik ima određeni stupanj fizičke vlasti nad plovilom budući da je retencija pravo na pridržaj plovila u posjedu. Ovo ponekad predstavlja problem u kontekstu tražbina marine, a to se pitanje pojašnjava u radu. Obrađuju se i pojedine odredbe Građanskog zakonika koje uređuju pravo retencije s posebnim osvrtom na retenciju plovila. Kako za ostvarivanje prava na retenciju nije potrebno posredstvo suda, ova mjera je često najjednostavnije rješenje za marinu. Međutim, ako nije jasno postoji li pravo retencije ili može li se ono ostvarivati, postoji druga opcija za osiguranje tražbine, a to je privremena mjera osiguranja po nizozemskom pravu. Privremenu mjeru osiguranja moguće je u Nizozemskoj ishoditi i primijeniti relativno lako. Postupak je brz i jednostavan, što nizozemsku jurisdikciju čini idealnom za takvo osiguranje tražbina. U radu se razmatra i pitanje identiteta dužnika, kao i pitanje mjerodavnog prava, s obzirom da ta pitanja mogu predstavljati prepreku za osiguranje i ovrhu tražbine. U prošlosti je bilo moguće ostvariti privremenu mjeru osiguranja ishođenu pred nizozemskim sudom samo u okviru nizozemske jurisdikcije. Drugim riječima, za ostvarenje privremene mjere osiguranja na brodu bilo je nužno da se brod nalazi u Nizozemskoj (ili se očekuje njegov skori dolazak u Nizozemsku) kako bi se ishodilo rješenje suda o privremenoj mjeri zaustavljanja broda. Međutim, Uredba Bruxelles I bis dopušta mogućnost ‘’izvoza’’ odluke suda u bilo koju državu članicu EU-a. Ovo je moguće čak i kada se radi o tzv. postupku ex parte, tj. o odluci koju sud donosi u postupku u kojem je stranka samo predlagatelj mjere osiguranja. Druga strana nije upoznata s postojanjem sudskog postupka sve dok se privremena mjera ne ostvari. Kako su brodovi pokretne stvari, opisana mogućnost prekogranične primjene sudskih odluka o privremenim mjerama osiguranja u okviru EU-a može dodatno olakšati ispunjenje tražbina marina, pa je stoga predmet rasprave u ovom članku.
retention, security and enforcement of maritime claims, marina, osiguranje pomorskih tražbina, K, maritime claims - enforcement, nizozemsko pravo, marina operator, retencija, Dutch law, arrest, arrest of ship, maritime claims - security, Law, attachment, privremena mjera zaustavljanja broda
retention, security and enforcement of maritime claims, marina, osiguranje pomorskih tražbina, K, maritime claims - enforcement, nizozemsko pravo, marina operator, retencija, Dutch law, arrest, arrest of ship, maritime claims - security, Law, attachment, privremena mjera zaustavljanja broda
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