
doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2566590
This paper proves that the objective function by Kraus and Litzenberger (1973) is always zero. Hence, any traded off must be zero-sum. Their inclusion of the bankruptcy variable belongs to the creditor, not the firm. This paper then works out another version of trade off: one between debt and equity, and shows that such trade off is rarely one-sided, or comes to an equilibrium.
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