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Shark Attack Project - Marine Attack at Towed Hydrophone Arrays

Authors: Adrianus J. Kalmijn;

Shark Attack Project - Marine Attack at Towed Hydrophone Arrays

Abstract

Abstract : The original objective of the SIO Marine Attack project was to identify the electric and magnetic fields causing sharks to inflict serious damage upon the towed hydrophone arrays of US Navy submarines. In contrast to the geophysical arrays that we studied concurrently, the US Navy's arrays appeared to be electromagnetically very quiet by proper design. The only galvanic fields we measured were those of some set screws of a dissimilar metal than the seawater-exposed titanium parts and those of the titanium parts themselves, especially when scratched or abrades during employment. Those fields will evoke bites from sharks coming close to their sources, as we proved in behavioral experiments. Much more serious fields are the image fields of the arrays in the electric fields due to oceanic and ionospheric circulations. Since the latter fields can not be removed, we have added to the original project the innovative objective of designing weak counter fields to divert or utterly confuse any sharks coming near the arrays. While further studies in our Electromagnetic Research Facility and tests at sea to determine the efficacy of the counter fields were in progress, the project was abruptly canceled at the moment of breakthrough success for reasons unknown to us.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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