Mental health literacy (MHL) is a key variable for mental health promotion, prevention, and decision making. The development and validation of measures assessing MHL has become a growing topic of research over the last decades, allowing the use of psychometrically sound instruments to screen knowledge gaps and erroneous beliefs, and to inform the development and evaluation of interventions aimed at promoting MHL. This study aimed to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire-Short Version for Adults (MHLq-SVa) with a sample of 1586 Polish university students. In general, reliability scores were appropriate, in line with previous multicultural research. Construct validity, assessed by confirmatory factor analysis, showed a good fit of the data to the original 4-factor structure of the MHLq-SVa. Gender differences were found on the levels of MHL, with females showing higher scores on most of the subscales and overall score, when compared to males. Finally, results from a regression analysis showed that MHL, assessed with this questionnaire, is a significant predictor of mental health treatment experience in this sample. The present study showed that the Polish version of the MHLq-SVa is a reliable and valid tool to measure MHL in university students, in Poland.