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Florida Entomologist
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Florida Entomologist
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Threshold Temperatures and Thermal Requirements of Psyllaphycus diaphorinae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a Hyperparasitoid of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Authors: Milosavljević, Ivan; McCalla, Kelsey A.; Bistline-East, Allison; Hoddle, Mark S.;

Threshold Temperatures and Thermal Requirements of Psyllaphycus diaphorinae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a Hyperparasitoid of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Abstract

The temperature-driven development rates and longevity times of Psyllaphycus diaphorinae Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a hyperaparasitoid of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam & Agarwal) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), 2 primary parasitoids of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), were quantified. Development times and longevity were investigated at 6 average daily temperatures (15, 18, 20, 25, and 32 °C) that either were constant or fluctuated over 24 h. Thermal performance curves for egg-to-adult development of P. diaphorinae reared on D. aligarhensis were characterized using 1 linear and 2 nonlinear degree-d models (i.e., Ratkowsky and Performance-2). Daily thermal fluctuations had significant effects on development rates and longevity of P. diaphorinae adults. Psyllaphycus diaphorinae reared under fluctuating profiles completed development more slowly (20, 25, and 32 °C), and survived longer (18–32 °C) than those reared under constant profiles with equivalent mean temperatures. In addition, P. diaphorinae emerged from fluctuating but not constant profiles at 15 °C. Estimates of thermal constants (i.e., degree-d to complete development) predicted by the linear model were 36% lower for the constant temperature regimen than the fluctuating temperature regimen. Nonlinear and linear model estimations of the theoretical lower and upper thermal thresholds ranged between −3.7 to 11.9 °C and 33.7 to 34 °C, respectively. The development rate of male and female P. diaphorinae was most favorable at 30 °C. These results demonstrate the significant effects of average temperatures and daily temperature variations on P. diaphorinae life history. Key Words: biological control; development rate; Diaphorina citri; nonlinear regression model; thermal threshold Resumen Se cuantificaron las tasas de desarrollo impulsadas por la temperatura y el tiempo de longevidad de Psyllaphycus diaphorinae Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), un hiperparasitoide de Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) y Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam & Agarwal) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) dos parasitoides primarios del psilido asiatico de los citricos, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Se investigaron el tiempo de desarrollo y la longevidad a 6 temperaturas promedias diarias (15, 18, 20, 25 y 32 °C) que fueron constantes o fluctuaron durante 24 horas. Se caracterizaron las curvas de rendimiento termico para el desarrollo de huevo a adulto de P. diaphorinae criados sobre D. aligarhensis utilizando 1 modelo lineal y 2 modelos no-lineales dias-grados (Ratkowsky y Performance-2). Las fluctuaciones termicas diarias tuvieron efectos significativos en las tasas de desarrollo y la longevidad de los adultos de P. diaphorinae. Psyllaphycus diaphorinae criado bajo perfiles fluctuantes completo el desarrollo mas lentamente (20, 25 y 32 °C), y sobrevivio mas tiempo (18–32 °C) que aquellos criados bajo perfiles constantes con temperaturas medias equivalentes. Ademas, P. diaphorinae emergio de perfiles fluctuantes pero no constantes a 15 °C. Las estimaciones de las constantes termicas (dias-grados para completar el desarrollo) predichas por el modelo lineal fueron 36% mas bajas para el regimen de temperatura constante que el regimen de temperatura fluctuante. Las estimaciones de modelos lineales y no lineales de los umbrales termicos inferiores y superiores teoricos oscilaron entre −3,7 y 11,9 °C y entre 33,7 y 34 °C, respectivamente. La tasa de desarrollo de los machos y hembras de P. diaphorinae fue mas favorable a 30 °C. Estos resultados demuestran los efectos significativos de las temperaturas medias y las variaciones diarias de temperatura en la historia de vida de P. diaphorinae. Palabras Clave: control biologico; tasa de desarrollo; Diaphorina citri; modelo de regresion no lineal; umbral termal View this article in BioOne

Keywords

Biodiversity, Taxonomy

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
6
Top 10%
Average
Average
Green
gold