Abstract Recurrent miscarriage affects 1% of all couples attempting pregnancy. Immunological factors are postulated to play a role in the aetiology of recurrent miscarriage because the fetus and placenta are immunologically different from the mother. In particular, altered expression of the, non-classical, class I histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules has been postulated to play a role in the aetiology of recurrent miscarriage as the fetus and placenta are semi-allogenic to the mother. This study was conducted to examine whether altered expression of the non-classical class I HLA molecules, HLA-G and HLA-E, by cells at the maternofetal interface could play a role in the aetiology of recurrent miscarriage. First-trimester placental and decidual biopsies were obtained from 45 women with recurrent miscarriage and 17 gestation-matched normal controls. These biopsies were screened by immunohistochemistry for HLA-G and HLA-E and isotype-matched control antibodies. Staining was analysed by light microscopy and digital image analysis. In both recurrent miscarriage and normal pregnancy, HLA-G was localised to the extravillous trophoblast. There was no difference in the pattern of HLA-G expression between women with recurrent miscarriage and those with normal pregnancies. HLA-E was localised to the syncytiotrophoblast, villous mesenchymal cells, extravillous trophoblast and several decidual cell types, but staining for HLA-E appeared to be confined primarily to the cytoplasm. There was no difference in the pattern of HLA-E expression between women with recurrent miscarriage and those with normal pregnancies.