This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in several refinery processes, including fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrotreatment of catalytically cracked gasoline to produce low-sulfur gasoline while preserving most of the olefins, isomerization of saturated n-olefins to avoid an octane number penalty, hydroprocessing of gas oil and vacuum gas oil to produce middle and light distillates, and alkylation with solid catalysts to avoid the use of corrosive liquid acids to produce high-octane gasoline. In addition, the chapter reviews upgrading of heavy residua by thermal cracking and integrative schemes for energy sharing between refinery units and across the boundaries of a refinery. A brief history of developments in the FCC process is given along with the future prospects for this important refinery process. This chapter also provides a discussion of potential future developments for the other processes covered here. Recent advances in catalysts used in the refining processes are discussed in Chapter 10 following a parallel outline of this chapter.