
doi: 10.1515/jaa.2005.95
The author considers the second-order boundary value problem \[ u'' + f(t,u) = 0, \quad u(0) = u(1) = 0, \] where \(f : (0,1) \times \mathbb{R}^k \to \mathbb{R}^k\) is singular at both end points. In addition, \(f\) is either a Carathéodory or a continuous function. The operator \[ Tu(t) = \int_0^1 G(t,s) f(s,u(s))\, ds \] is defined on \(C([0,1],\mathbb{R}^k)\), where \(G(t,s)\) is Green's function of the operator \(-u''\) subject to \(u(0) =u(1) =0\). In the special case of a continuous inhomogeneous term, the following result is obtained: If \[ X_{\alpha} = \{u \in C([0,1],\mathbb{R}^k) : \sup_{t \in (0,1)} \frac{| u(t)| }{(t(1-t))^{\alpha}} 0\), \(\gamma \geq 2\), \(p > \gamma -1\) such that for all \(t \in (0,\delta) \cup (1-\delta,1)\), and \(| u| \leq \delta\), \[ | f(t,u)| \leq \frac{c| u(t)| ^p}{(t(1-t))^{\gamma}}, \] the operator \(T : X_{\alpha} \to X_{\alpha}\) is completely continuous provided \(\alpha \in (0,1)\) satisfies \(\alpha p+1 > \gamma\). The next result is based on an application of Schauder's fixed-point theorem and provides a solution under the assumption of sublinearity of \(f\): If (i) there exist \(0 0\), \(\gamma \geq 2\), \(p > \gamma -1\) such that for all \(t \in (0,\delta) \cup (1-\delta,1)\), and \(u \in \mathbb{R}^k\), \[ | f(t,u)| \leq \frac{c| u(t)| ^p}{(t(1-t))^{\gamma}}, \] and (ii) there exist \(E>0\), \(c_1>0\), \(\rho \in (0,1)\), \(\nu \leq \frac{\gamma}{p-\rho+1}\) such that for all \(t \in (0,1)\), and \(| u| \geq E\), we have \[ | f(t,u)| \leq \frac{c_1| u(t)| ^p}{(t(1-t))^{\gamma}}, \] then, for \(\alpha \in (0,1)\) with \(\alpha p+1 > \gamma\), the boundary value problem has a solution \(u \in X_{\alpha}\) with \(\| u\| \leq R\), where \[ R \geq cR^p \left(\int_0^{\delta} + \int_{1-\delta}^1\right) (s(1-s))^{\omega} \,ds + \max\{M\lambda_1, c_1\lambda_2 R^{\rho}\}, \] with \(\omega = \alpha p +1 -\alpha -\gamma\), \(\xi = \alpha \rho +1 -\alpha -\nu\), \[ \lambda_1 = \int_{\delta}^{1-\delta} (s(1-s))^{1-\alpha} \,ds, \quad \lambda_2 = \int_{\delta}^{1-\delta} (s(1-s))^{\xi} \,ds, \] and \(M = \sup\{| f(t,u)|: | u| \leq E, \delta \leq t \leq 1-\delta \}.\) Another result is based on an application of the topological degree theory: Under the assumption (H) and if \(\alpha\) satisfies \(\alpha p+1 > \gamma\), the boundary value problem has a solution in \(X_{\alpha}\) provided there exists \(M >0\) such that \((f(t,u),u) \leq 0\), \(t \in (0,1)\), for any \(| u| >M(t(1-t))^{\alpha}\). The measure \(\mu\) on \([0,1]\) is introduced by \[ \mu(A) = \int_A (s(1-s))^{1-\alpha} \,ds \] for which the space \(L_{1-\alpha}\) is defined by \[ L_{1-\alpha} = \biggl\{h : \int_0^1 (s(1-s))^{1-\alpha} | h(s)| \,ds \biggr\}, \quad \alpha \in (0,1). \] The following result is derived under the assumption that \(f\) is a Carathéodory function with respect to \(L_{1-\alpha}\): If \(f\) is a Carathéodory function (in the above sense) and if for every \(M>0\), there is \(h_M \in L_{1-\alpha}\) such that, for any \(| u| \leq M(t(1-t))^{\alpha}\), we have \(| f(t,u)| \leq h_M(t)\) a.e. \(t \in (0,1)\), then the operator \(T : X_{\alpha} \to X_{\alpha}\) is completely continuous. In this case, the author states a result similar to the existence theorem above. In addition, positive solutions are discussed in this paper. The existence theorems are illustrated by several examples.
positive solution, Singular nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations, boundary value problem, nonlinear ordinary differential equation, Positive solutions to nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations, singular
positive solution, Singular nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations, boundary value problem, nonlinear ordinary differential equation, Positive solutions to nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations, singular
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