Contents iiiINTRODUCTION 1NOTES ON HIGHLANDS PIDGIN PHONOLOGY 2 CONSONANTS 4 VOWELS 5 DIPHTHONGS 6 STRESS AND INTONATION 7NOTES ON GRAMMAR 8 BASES 8 NOUN (PHRASE) 9 NOUN DETERMINANTS 9 POSSESSION 9 PRONOUNS 10 Personal Pronouns 10 Basic Forms 10 Table of Personal Pronouns 11 Emphatic Personal Pronouns 12 Reflexive Personal Pronouns 12 Demonstrative Pronouns 12 Distributive and Reciprocal Forms 13 THE PARTICLE i 13 VERBS 18 General Remarks 18 Basic Forms 18 Imperative Forms 20 Transitivity 22 Subclass 1 22 Subclass 2 23 Subclass 3 21 Subclass 4 26 Subclass 4a 27 Subclass 4b 28 Subclass 5 31 Subclass 5a 31 Subclass 5b 32 Subclass 6 36 Subclass 6a 36 Subclass 6b 36Transitivity and Object(s) 37Aspect and Tense 38 Aspects 38 1) No Overt Aspect Marker: Continuing Actions nearing their End 38 2) Verb + i stap or stap + Verb: Continuous Actions 39 3) Verb + pinis: Completed Actions 39 4) Verb + nau: Actions just started 41 5) Verb + yet: Actions still continuing 42 6) Verb + gen: Actions repeated 42 7) Verb + nating: Purposeless Action 43 8) save + Verb: Habitual Actions 43 9) kirap + Verb: Beginning Actions 44 10) Repetitions of the Verb: Intensity and Long Duration of the Action 44 11) Verb + i go, i kam: Actions directed away from or towards Speaker; (i go) Actions going on and continuing for a long time 45 12) Verb + tasol: Restricting Emphasis on the Action 46 13) Several Aspects Markers with one Verb 46Tenses 47 1) bin + Verb: General Past 47 2) bai immediately preceding or following the Subject: Indefinite Future 47 3) ken i + Verb: Definite Future 48 4) laik + Verb: Near Future 48 5) klosap i + Verb: Very Near Future 48 6) nau immediately preceding the Subject: Immediate Future 48 7) No Tense Marker 48 8) Several Tense Markers with one Verb 49 Other Verb Forms (Moods, etc.) 49 1) ken + Verb: Permission 49 2) inap ± i + Verb: Ability 50 3) save pasin bilong + Verb, or gat save bilong + Verb: Competence 50 4) mas + Verb: Necessity, Coercion, Obligation 51 5) laik + i + Verb: Desire, Wish 51 6) mekim ± i + Verb: Causative 52 7) larim ± i + Verb: Tolerating 52 S) traiim + Verb lor Verb + Object + i + traiim, or Verb + traiim): Attempt 52 Applicative (or Benefactive) Forms 52ADJECTIVES 53 Subclass 1 53 Subclass 2 54 Subclass 3 54 Subclass 4 55 Subclass 5 56 Several Adjectives accompanying a Noun 56 Comparison of Adjectives 57 Adjectives Functioning as Nouns 58ADVERBS 58 1) Adjectives as Adverbs 58 2) Nouns and Noun Phrases as Adverbs 58 3) Verb Phrases at Adverbs 58 4) Words which are predominantly Adverbs 58 5) Position of Adverbs in a Sentence 59PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 60INTERROGATIVES 63SENTENCES WITH TWO OR MORE CLAUSES 65 Introduction 65 Coordinate Clauses 67 Subordinate Clauses 68 Introduction 68 I) Relative Clauses 68 2) Place Clauses 71 3) Time Clauses 71 4) Manner Clauses 73 5) Conditional Clauses 73 6) Causal Clauses 74 7) Purpose and Results Clauses 75 8) Concession Clauses 76 9) Noun Clause 76 10) Indirect Discourse and Reported Speech 77MATERIALS IN HIGHLANDS PIDGIN 81 NUMERALS 81 NOUNS 82 ADJECTIVES AND RELATED EXPRESSIONS 95 VERBS 99 Various Verb Forms 99 Sentences with Verb Forms Indicating Condition 103 Verb List 104 Interrogative Expressions 110 Equation Statements 116 Variation for Person in Equation Statements 118 Reflexive Forms 122 Reciprocal Forms 122 Applicative Forms 122 Competence Forms 127 Ability Forms 131 Attempt Forms 134 Forms Indicating Necessity, Coercion or Obligation 137 DIALOGUES 143 Dialogue (1) 143 Dialogue (2) 144 Dialogue (3) 146 Dialogue (4) 147 Dialogue (5) 149 SENTENCES ILLUSTRATING SITUATIONS IN QUESTIONS, ANSWERS AND STATEMENTS 151 Set 1 151 Set 2, Set 3, Set 4 152 Set 5, Set 6, Set 7 153 Set 8, Set 9, Set 10, Set 11 154 Set 12 155 Set 13, Set 14, Set 15 156 Set 16, Set 17, Set 18, Set 19 157 Set 20, Set 21, Set 22, Set 23, Set 24 158 Set 25, Set 26, Set 27, Set 28, Set 29 159 Set 30, Set 31, Set 32, Set 33, Set 34 160 Set 35, Set 36, Set 37, Set 38, Set 39, Set 40 161 Set 41, Set 42, Set 43 162TEXTS 163 Text 1 163 Text 2 165 Text 3 168 Text 4 172

D-3