Acknowledgements iiiContents vList of charts xList of figures xiiList of maps xiiTable of abbreviations xiiiGRAMMAR - THE PHONOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF SEDANG 1PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 3 1. HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING 3Map 1.1: Ethnic Minorities of South Vietnam 6Map 1.2: The Sedang Area 8 2. CULTURAL SKETCH (Livelihood, social organisation, religion, dress, industry, references) 10 3. LINGUISTIC AFFILIATION (The Chamic connection, Mon-Khmer conjecture, structural classification) 13PART TWO: SEDANG PHONOLOGY 19INTRODUCTION TO PART TWO 19 4. A SEDANG PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM 20 4.0 Introduction 20 4.1 Phonological words 20 4.2 Initial consonant position (Initial single consonants, initial consonant clusters) 22 4.3 Vowel plus final-consonant clusters (Register, simple vowels, vowel glides, final consonants, nasalisation, summary of vowel plus final-consonant clusters) 31 4.4 Presyllables (Major presyllables, major consonantal reduplicative presyllables, major complete reduplicative presyllables, extended consonantal reduplicative presyllables, extended complete reduplicative presyllables) 46 4.5 Phonological word reduplication 53 4.6 Alphabetisation 53 5. SYNCHRONIC PHONOLOGY: DIALECTAL VARIATIONS 55 5.0 Introduction 55 5.1 Vowel variations 56Map 2.1: Location of Sedang Ethnodialects 57 5.2 Final consonant variations 58 5.3 Register variations 58 5.4 Presyllable variations 59 5.5 Initial consonant variations 59 5.6 Denasolaryngealisation phenomenon 59 5.7 Vocabulary differences 60 6. DIACHRONIC PHONOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT FROM PROTO-NORTH-BAHNARIC 61 6.0 Introduction 61 6.1 Principal sound changes from Proto-North-Bahnaric (Initial consonants and consonant clusters, vowel plus final-consonant clusters, presyllables) 61 6.2 Lexical borrowing (Sanskrit, Chamic, French, Vietnamese, Bahnar, English) 68PART THREE: SEDANG SYNTAX 74INTRODUCTION TO PART THREE 74 7. NOUN PHRASES 76 7.0 Introduction 76 7.1 Basic noun phrase (Nouns, pronouns, personal names, geographical names, descriptive names, verbal descriptives, verbal adjectives, demonstratives, locatives, nominal interrogatives) 76 7.2 Count noun phrase (Numbers, classifiers, countable nouns) 86 7.3 Pluralised noun phrases (Plural markers) 90 7.4 Pronoun reference phrase 91 7.5 Prepositional phrase (Prepositions) 92 7.6 Distribution and frequency of noun phrases 94 8. VERB PHRASES 97 8.0 Introduction 97 8.1 Main verbs (Quotative verbs, container verbs, bitransitive verbs, semitransitive verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, equative verbs, existive verb) 98 8.2 Verbal concatenation (Reduplicative concatenation, simple concatenation, complex concatenation) 102 8.3 Preverbs 104 8.4 Verbal particles 107 8.5 Preverbal adverbs 109 8.6 Variety and frequency of verb phrases 110 9. BASIC CLAUSE TYPES: NUCLEAR ELEMENTS 110 9.0 Introduction 110 9.1 Quotative clause 112 9.2 Container clause 113 9.3 Bitransitive clause 113 9.4 Semitransitive clause 114 9.5 Transitive clause 114 9.6 Intransitive clause 115 9.7 Equative clauses (Zero verb equative clause, xê 'be' equative clause, chlang 'become' equative clause, ối 'be' equative clause) 116 9.8 Existive clause 119 9.9 Frequency of basic clause types 119 10. PERIPHERAL CLAUSE ELEMENTS 120 10.0 Introduction 120 10.1 Temporal phrase (Temporals, temporal demonstratives, temporal noun phrase, subordinated temporal expression) 121 10.2 Locative phrase 123 10.3 Adverbial phrase (Manner phrase, similitive phrase, comparative phrase, descriptive phrase, quantitative phrase, purposive phrase, volitional phrase) 124 10.4 Final particles 130 11. VARIATIONS OF CLAUSE TYPES 134 11.0 Introduction 134 11.1 Permuted clauses (Postposed subject clause, object and complement emphasis clause, locative emphasis clause, adverbial emphasis clause) 134 11.2 Transformed clauses (Echo subject clause, imperative clause, benefactive clause, reflexive clause, reciprocal clause, focus clause, interrogative clause) 137 11.3 Frequency of clause type variations 145 12. AFFIXATION, REDUPLICATION, ETC. 146 12.0 Introduction 146 12.1 Causal affixes pơ- and mơ- 147 12.2 Reciprocal affix tơ- 148 12.3 Adversative affix lơ- 149 12.4 Nominal affix -ơn- 150 12.5 Minor affixes (Nominal affix kơ-, digital affix tơ-, ordinal affix mơ-, velar animal affix relic) 151 12.6 Morpheme reduplication (Complete morpheme reduplication, partial morpheme reduplication) 152 12.7 Repetition, recapitulation, expansion (Coordinating conjunctives) 153 12.8 Series (Series particles) 155 12.9 Ellipsis and clause fragments 156 12.10 Onomatopoeia 157 12.11 Special descriptives (Register contrastive descriptive pairs, phonologically similar descriptive pairs, reduplicative descriptive terms) 157 12.12 Poetic form 159 13. SENTENCE TYPES 159 13.0 Introduction 159 13.1 Conditional sentence (Conditional conjunctives) 160 13.2 Causal sentence (Causal conjunctive) 162 13.3 Contrastive sentence (Contrastive conjunctive) 162 13.4 Concessive sentence (Concessive conjunctive) 163 13.5 Resultant sentence (Resultant conjunctive) 163 13.6 Frustrative sentence (Frustrative marker) 164 13.7 Vocatives 164 13.8 Exclamations 164 13.9 Responses 165Bibliography 166General Index 178Index of Sedang words 187

B-50