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Bipartite Community Structure of eQTLs

Authors: Peter J. Castaldi; Peter J. Castaldi; Dawn L. DeMeo; Dawn L. DeMeo; John Quackenbush; John Quackenbush; John Platig;

Bipartite Community Structure of eQTLs

Abstract

Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and eQTL analyses have produced a large and growing number of genetic associations linked to a wide range of human phenotypes. As of 2013, there were more than 11,000 SNPs associated with a trait as reported in the NHGRI GWAS Catalog. However, interpreting the functional roles played by these SNPs remains a challenge. Here we describe an approach that uses the inherent bipartite structure of eQTL networks to place SNPs into a functional context. Using genotyping and gene expression data from 163 lung tissue samples in a study of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) we calculated eQTL associations between SNPs and genes and cast significant associations (FDR $< 0.1$) as links in a bipartite network. To our surprise, we discovered that the highly-connected "hub" SNPs within the network were devoid of disease-associations. However, within the network we identified 35 highly modular communities, which comprise groups of SNPs associated with groups of genes; 13 of these communities were significantly enriched for distinct biological functions (P $ < 5 \times 10^{-4}$) including COPD-related functions. Further, we found that GWAS-significant SNPs were enriched at the cores of these communities, including previously identified GWAS associations for COPD, asthma, and pulmonary function, among others. These results speak to our intuition: rather than single SNPs influencing single genes, we see groups of SNPs associated with the expression of families of functionally related genes and that disease SNPs are associated with the perturbation of those functions. These methods are not limited in their application to COPD and can be used in the analysis of a wide variety of disease processes and other phenotypic traits.

Keywords

Computer and Information Sciences, 570, Pulmonology, Permutation, QH301-705.5, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Quantitative Trait Loci, Test Statistics, Gene Expression, 610, Genetic Networks, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, Mathematical and Statistical Techniques, Genome-Wide Association Studies, Genetics, Medicine and Health Sciences, Humans, Quantitative Biology - Genomics, Statistical Methods, Biology (General), Genomics (q-bio.GN), Models, Statistical, Discrete Mathematics, Biology and Life Sciences, Computational Biology, Human Genetics, Genomics, Genome Analysis, Probability Theory, Combinatorics, FOS: Biological sciences, Physical Sciences, Genetics of Disease, Mathematics, Statistics (Mathematics), Network Analysis, Algorithms, Statistical Distributions, Research Article, Genome-Wide Association Study

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
50
Top 10%
Top 10%
Top 10%
Green
gold