With the Federal Law № 209-FZ of 24.07.2007 “On Development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Russian Federation” coming into force, a number of legal entities and persons have acquired a new institutional status - microenterpises. Current legislation does not distinguish the microenterprise as a separate type of small and medium-sized enterprise, but in fact, classifies it within the small-sized entrepreneurship. Such approach happens to overlook the essential distinctive features of microenterprise, in particular putting them out of scope of consideration when the simplified accounting and reporting protocols are drafted. According to the results of the study a system of qualitative characteristics of financial and economic activity of micro-enterprises was developed, which implies separation of specific characteristics of the microbusiness into three groups: personal basis, operating specifics, special impact of external factors. As a special character of microbusiness in the accounting and reporting was to maintain of accounting records for a simple system without the use of double-entry, and on the basis of data, obtained through a simple recording, create simplified forms of accounting financial statements. A concept of a simple accounting system was developed, which allows to organize the accounting of microenterprises, taking into account the qualitative characteristics of financial and economic activity. In view of the specific features of microbusiness, it is recommended to allocate microenterpises as a separate category of micro-small and medium-sized business. The results of this study can be taken into account in the design and implementation of targeted state support measures, including those which are aimed to reducing the administrative burden on micro-enterprises in connection with the duty to keep accounting records and submit financial statements accounting.