We introduce random walks in a sparse random environment on $\mathbb Z$ and investigate basic asymptotic properties of this model, such as recurrence-transience, asymptotic speed, and limit theorems in both the transient and recurrent regimes. The new model combines features of several existing models of random motion in random media and admits a transparent physical interpretation. More specifically, a random walk in a sparse random environment can be characterized as a "locally strong" perturbation of a simple random walk by a random potential induced by "rare impurities," which are randomly distributed over the integer lattice. Interestingly, in the critical (recurrent) regime, our model generalizes Sinai's scaling of $(\log n)^2$ for the location of the random walk after $n$ steps to $(\log n)^α,$ where $α>0$ is a parameter determined by the distribution of the distance between two successive impurities. Similar scaling factors have appeared in the literature in different contexts and have been discussed in [28] and [30].