Introduction Henry Lutz Ehrlich, Dianne K. Newman, and Andreas Kappler Earth as a Microbial Habitat Henry Lutz Ehrlich Emergence of Life and Its Early History Michael Russell Uppermost Lithosphere as a Microbial Habitat Henry Lutz Ehrlich Terrestrial Subsurface Ecosystem Michael Wilkins and James Fredrickson Hydrosphere as Microbial Habitat Mak Saito Geomicrobial Processes: A Physiological and Biochemical Overview Henry Lutz Ehrlich Cultivation, In Situ Measurements, and Geochemical Techniques for Geomicrobiological Studies Gregory Druschel and Victoria Orphan Molecular Methods in Geomicrobiology Maureen L. Coleman and Dianne K. Newman Microbial Formation and Degradation of Carbonates Tanja Bosak, Jaroslav Stolarski, and Anders Meiborn Geomicrobial Interactions with Silicon Kurt Konhauser Geomicrobiology of Aluminum: Microbes and Bauxite Henry Lutz Ehrlich Geomicrobial Interactions with Phosphorus Bernhard Schink and Diliana Simeonova Geomicrobiology of Nitrogen Christopher Francis and Karen Casciotti Geomicrobial Interactions with Arsenic and Antimony Ronald Oremland Geomicrobiology of Mercury Robert Mason Geomicrobiology of Iron Andreas Kappler, David Emerson, Jeffrey A. Gralnick, Eric E. Roden, and E. Marie Muehe Geomicrobiology of Manganese Colleen Hansel and Deric R. Learman Geomicrobial Interactions with Other Transition Metals (Chromium, Molybdenum, Vanadium, Technetium), Metalloids (Polonium), Actinides (Uranium, Neptunium, and Plutonium) and the Rare Earth Elements Jonathan R. Lloyd, John D. Coates, Adam J. Williamson, and Matthew P. Watts Geomicrobiology of Sulfur D.A. Fike, A.S. Bradley, and W.D. Leavitt Biogenesis and Biodegradation of Sulfide Minerals in the Earth's Surface Henry Lutz Ehrlich Geomicrobiology of Selenium and Tellurium John Stolz Geomicrobiology of Fossil Fuels Ian M. Head