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Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research
Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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Score and Pseudo-Score Confidence Intervals for Categorical Data Analysis

Authors: Alan Agresti;

Score and Pseudo-Score Confidence Intervals for Categorical Data Analysis

Abstract

This article reviews methods for constructing confidence intervals for analyzing categorical data. A considerable literature indicates that the method of inverting score tests performs well for a variety of cases. When the sample size is small or the parameter is near the parameter space boundary, this method usually performs much better than inverting Wald tests and sometimes better than inverting likelihood-ratio tests. For small samples, exact methods are also available. Although these methods can be quite conservative, inverting a score test using the mid P-value provides a sensible compromise that uses the small-sample distribution while reducing the conservatism and only slightly sacrificing the lower bound for the desired confidence level. For some models, score-test-based inferences are impractical, such as when the likelihood function is not an explicit function of the model parameters. For such cases, pseudo-score inference can be based on a Pearson-type chi-squared statistic that compares fitte...

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    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    22
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Top 10%
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
22
Top 10%
Top 10%
Average
bronze