Development of the chemistry and macromolecular structures of proteins development of the chemistry and macromolecular structures of nucleic acids carbodimides as synthetic reagents phosphoric acid esters in intermediary metabolism - development of methods for their synthesis chemical synthesis of polynucleotides enzymes that degrade nuclei acids the genetic code - a, specificity in protein synthesis b, basic features and codon assignments the total synthesis of genes gene amplification (PCR) bionergetics - bacteriorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump.