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High-frequency harmonics and source level of humpback whale songs

Authors: Whitlow Au; Darling James; Kimberly Andrews;

High-frequency harmonics and source level of humpback whale songs

Abstract

The songs of 8 male humpback whales were recorded at ranges varying from 20 to 40 m with a calibrated system that had a flat frequency response to 22 kHz. The songs consisted of bursts of sounds called units. Units were organized into phrases and phrases into themes. Most of the units had mean duration between 1 and 2 s and mean silent periods between units between 1 and 2 s. Many of the recorded songs contained units that had high-frequency harmonics that extended beyond 15 kHz. The amplitudes of the higher-frequency harmonics of some units were within 18–24 dB of the fundamental or the highest level harmonic at frequencies out to 13.5 kHz. These harmonic results suggest that humpback whale songs have a broadband quality not previously reported and may provide some insights on the high-frequency limit of hearing in these whales. The source levels of the different songs were also estimated by considering the root mean square sound pressure level referenced to 1 m for the unit with the largest level for each different phrase within a song. Source levels varied between 171 and 189 dB re: 1 μPa.

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Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
13
Top 10%
Average
Average
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