
doi: 10.1121/1.4755046
It is well known that acoustic interactions affect the transmit radiation pattern of a SONAR array, particularly when the element spacing is small relative to the acoustic wavelength. A negative feedback system with a velocity sense signal fed back to the power amplifier is one method of mitigating the array interactions, and has significant advantages for wideband use compared to either open loop compensation or passive electrical tuning. A velocity control loop flattens the transducer’s frequency response, and also reduces the effects of the array interactions proportional to the loop gain. The velocity feedback signal for piezoelectric loads may be obtained by the motional current method, which is equivalent to using an ideal massless accelerometer if the transducer’s electrical branch admittance is estimated correctly. The transducer’s coupling coefficient, mechanical Q, and a priori estimate of the blocked capacitance fundamentally limits both the maximum stable loop gain, and the output velocity gain and phase tracking relative to the amplifier’s input voltage. The array equations governing the acoustical outputs are presented, both with and without motional current velocity control.
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