SummaryEuglossine bees (Apidae: Euglossini) have long been hypothesized to act as long‐distance pollinators of many low‐density tropical plants. We tested this hypothesis by the analysis of gene flow and genetic structure within and among populations of the euglossine bee‐pollinated vineDalechampia scandens.Using microsatellite markers, we assessed historical gene flow by the quantification of regional‐scale genetic structure and isolation by distance among 18 populations, and contemporary gene flow by the estimation of recent migration rates among populations. To assess bee‐mediated pollen dispersal on a smaller scale, we conducted paternity analyses within a focal population, and quantified within‐population spatial genetic structure in four populations.Gene flow was limited to certain nearby populations within continuous forest blocks, whereas drift appeared to dominate on larger scales. Limited long‐distance gene flow was supported by within‐population patterns; gene flow was biased towards nearby plants, and significant small‐scale spatial genetic structure was detected within populations.These findings suggest that, although female euglossine bees might be effective at moving pollen within populations, and perhaps within forest blocks, their contribution to gene flow on the regional scale seems too limited to counteract genetic drift in patchily distributed tropical plants. Among‐population gene flow might have been reduced following habitat fragmentation.