Abstract Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae ), is a filamentous ascomycete that causes a major disease called blast on cereal crops, as well as on a wide variety of wild and cultivated grasses. Blast diseases have a tremendous impact worldwide particularly on rice and on wheat, where the disease emerged in South America in the 1980s, before spreading to Asia and Africa. Its economic importance, coupled with its amenability to molecular and genetic manipulation, have inspired extensive research efforts aiming at understanding its biology and evolution. In the past 40 years, this plant‐pathogenic fungus has emerged as a major model in molecular plant–microbe interactions. In this review, we focus on the clarification of the taxonomy and genetic structure of the species and its host range determinants. We also discuss recent molecular studies deciphering its lifecycle. Taxonomy Kingdom: Fungi , phylum: Ascomycota , sub‐phylum: Pezizomycotina , class: Sordariomycetes , order: Magnaporthales , family: Pyriculariaceae , genus: Pyricularia. Host range P. oryzae has the ability to infect a wide range of Poaceae . It is structured into different host‐specialized lineages that are each associated with a few host plant genera. The fungus is best known to cause tremendous damage to rice crops, but it can also attack other economically important crops such as wheat, maize, barley, and finger millet. Disease symptoms P. oryzae can cause necrotic lesions or bleaching on all aerial parts of its host plants, including leaf blades, sheaths, and inflorescences (panicles, spikes, and seeds). Characteristic symptoms on leaves are diamond‐shaped silver lesions that often have a brown margin and whose appearance is influenced by numerous factors such as the plant genotype and environmental conditions. USEFUL WEBSITES Resources URL Genomic data repositories http://genome.jouy.inra.fr/gemo/ Genomic data repositories http://openriceblast.org/ Genomic data repositories http://openwheatblast.net/ Genome browser for fungi (including P. oryzae ) http://fungi.ensembl.org/index.html Comparative genomics database https://mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov/mycocosm/home T‐DNA mutant database http://atmt.snu.kr/ T‐DNA mutant database http://www.phi‐base.org/ SNP and expression data https://fungidb.org/fungidb/app/