E-commerce technology focused on Web-based process integration and management for business-to-consumer transactions (Web servers, HTML, common gateway interface) and business-to-business transactions (electronic data interchange, e-procurement, RosettaNet). With the emergence of XML and Web services, the focus shifted to building dynamic and adaptive e-commerce systems. Many of today's industrial applications are built upon well-known XML document exchange and open standards. Most recently, with the introduction of service-oriented architectures, grid services, and self-management architectures, e-commerce has moved into a new era: applying virtual service components to build Web-based enterprise information systems that automate business processes.