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image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
https://doi.org/10.1103/physre...
Article . 1929 . Peer-reviewed
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Oscillations in Ionized Gases

Authors: Lewi Tonks; Irving Langmuir;

Oscillations in Ionized Gases

Abstract

A simple theory of electronic and ionic oscillations in an ionized gas has been developed. The electronic oscillations are so rapid (ca. ${10}^{9}$ cycles) that the heavier positive ions are unaffected. They have a natural frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}={(\frac{n{e}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\pi}m})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and, except for secondary factors, do not transmit energy. The ionic oscillations are so slow that the electron density has its equilibrium value at all times. They vary in type according to their wave-length. The oscillations of shorter wave-length are similar to the electron vibrations, approaching the natural frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{p}={\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}{(\frac{{m}_{e}}{{m}_{p}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as upper limit. The oscillations of longer wave-length are similar to sound waves, the velocity approaching the value $v={(\frac{k{T}_{e}}{{m}_{p}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. The transition occurs roughly (i.e. to 5% of limiting values) within a 10-fold wave-length range centering around $2{(2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{D}$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{D}$ being the "Debye distance." While the theory offers no explanation of the cause of the observed oscillations, the frequency range of the most rapid oscillations, namely from 300 to 1000 megacycles agrees with that predicted for the oscillations of the ultimate electrons. Another observed frequency of 50 to 60 megacycles may correspond to oscillations of the beam electrons. Frequencies from 1.5 megacycles down can be attributed to positive ion oscillations. The correlation between theory and observed oscillations is to be considered tentative until simpler experimental conditions can be attained.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
643
Top 1%
Top 0.01%
Top 10%
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