
Current high losses of honeybees seriously threaten crop pollination. Whereas parasite exposure is acknowledged as an important cause of these losses, the role of insecticides is controversial. Parasites and neonicotinoid insecticides reduce homing success of foragers (e.g. by reduced orientation), but it is unknown whether they negatively affect flight capacity. We investigated how exposing colonies to the parasitic miteVarroa destructorand the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid affect flight capacity of foragers. Flight distance, time and speed of foragers were measured in flight mills to assess the relative and interactive effects of highV. destructorload and a field-realistic, chronic sub-lethal dose of imidacloprid. Foragers from colonies exposed to high levels ofV. destructorflew shorter distances, with a larger effect when also exposed to imidacloprid. Bee body mass partly explained our results as bees were heavier when exposed to these stressors, possibly due to an earlier onset of foraging. Our findings contribute to understanding of interacting stressors that can explain colony losses. Reduced flight capacity decreases the food-collecting ability of honeybees and may hamper the use of precocious foraging as a coping mechanism during colony (nutritional) stress. Ineffective coping mechanisms may lead to destructive cascading effects and subsequent colony collapse.
Appetitive Behavior, Insecticides, Varroidae, Body Weight, Imidazoles, Bees, Nitro Compounds, Neonicotinoids, Body mass, Flight, Animal, Animals, Apis mellifera, Pollination, Flight performance, Wing dimensions
Appetitive Behavior, Insecticides, Varroidae, Body Weight, Imidazoles, Bees, Nitro Compounds, Neonicotinoids, Body mass, Flight, Animal, Animals, Apis mellifera, Pollination, Flight performance, Wing dimensions
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